Exam 2 - Shock and Fluid Therapy Flashcards
What is shock?
Inadequate cellular energy production due to low blood flow and low blood pressure
What does shock most commonly occur secondary to?
Poor tissue perfusion from low blood flow and critical decrease in oxygen delivery
What are the types of shock?
compensated and uncompensated
What is compensated shock?
Compensatory mechanisms maintain the viability organisms in the state of shock
What is uncompensated shock?
The compensatory mechanisms fail to perfuse vital tissue resulting in progressive circulatory collapse, disruption of the metabolic pathways, and death
What clinical signs are associated with compensated shock?
Pale mucous membranes, poor pulse quality, cold extremities, tachycardia, and normal blood pressure
What clinical signs are associated with decompensated shock?
Grey mucous membranes, bradycardia, hypotension, and altered mentation
True or False: Cats do not always display classic signs of shock
True
What signs may present in cats in early stages of shock?
bradycardia, hypothermia, and hypotension
What are the classifications of shock?
hypovolemic, distributive, and cardiogenic
What is hypovolemic shock?
when there is a loss of intravascular volume
What is distributive shock?
when there is maldistribution of vascular volume
What is cardiogenic shock?
when there is failure of the cardiac pump
What clinical findings are associated with hypovolemic shock?
Internal or external blood loss
Increased vascular permeability - infection, toxins, and immune reactions
Excessive loss of other body fluids due to vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, and burns
Decreased CO due to diminished venous return
Triggers compensatory mechanisms to try and increase blood volume
What compensatory mechanisms are there to try and increase blood volume?
Vasoconstriction, increased cardiac contractility, and tachycardia
What are some examples of causes of hypovolemic shock?
Hemorrhage, severe dehydration, trauma, and infections
What amount of blood loss is associated with hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock?
1/4 to 1/3 blood volume loss
What can cause severe dehydration hypovolemic shock?
water deprivation, vomiting, and diarrhea
What infections can lead to hypovolemic shock?
EVA, Ebola, African swine fever
What clinical findings are associated with distributive shock?
Vasogenic shock (widening vessels), severe decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, pooling of blood in the venous system, and decreased venous return to the heart
Think hypotension to the extreme - blood just kind of sits where it is
What are some examples of distributive shock?
Septic shock, endotoxin, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), anaphylaxis, and obstruction
What obstructive disorders can lead to distributive shock?
Heartworm disease and saddle thrombosis
What clinical findings are associated with cardiogenic shock?
Insults that negatively affect cardiac output
Can affect heart rate or contractility
What are some examples of cardiogenic shock?
Myocardial degeneration, cardiac tamponade, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, drug overdose, and electrolyte imbalances