Exam 1 - Canine Anesthesia Flashcards
What is a number I on the ASA status scale?
Normal healthy patient
What is a number II on the ASA status scale?
Patient with mild systemic disease
What is a number III on the ASA status scale?
Patient with severe systemic disease
What is a number IV on the ASA status scale?
Patient with severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life
What is a number V on the ASA status scale?
Patient with severe systemic disease that is not expected to survive
What are the premedications we use dogs?
Hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine
What type of drug is hydromorphone?
opiod, pure mu agonist
What effects does hydromorphone have?
potent analgesia/sedation/euphoria
What is the duration of hydromorphone?
2-4 hours duration
What side effects does hydromorphone have?
Respiratory depression, decreased heart rate, GI stasis/constipation, urinary retention, dysphoria, frequently causes vomiting and defecation post administration
Is hydromorphone reversible?
yes
Does hydromorphone have a direct effect on contractility or vascular tone (cardioprotective)?
no it has no direct effect
What type of drug is dexmedetomidine?
alpha 2 agonist
What are the initial effects of dexmedetomidine?
hypertension with reflex bradycardia
What are the later effects of dexmedetomidine?
hypotension with reflex bradycardia and vasodilation
What is the rate of onset and duration of action of dexmedetomidine?
Quick onset (2-10 minutes) and duration of action is 30-60 minutes
Does dexmedetomidine provide any analgesia?
yes, it provides some
How does dexmedetomidine affect urine production?
it causes increased urine production
Is dexmedetomidine reversible?
yes, with atipamezole
In order to prevent side effects, what should be done when you give dexmedetomidine?
reduce the dose or avoid in pediatrics
What is propofol used for?
it is an induction agent
What type of drug is propofol?
GABA agonist, NMDA antagonist
What is the duration of propofol?
5-10 minute duration
What vascular effects does propofol have?
vasodilation
What effects does propofol have on the heart?
decreased cardiac contractility thus decreased BP
What is a possible side effect of propofol, especially if it is given too quickly?
apnea
What dose should you titrate propofol at?
1 mg/kg increments
What local blocks can be used in dogs?
lidocaine and bupivicaine
Which local block should never be given IV?
bupivicaine
What type of drug is lidocaine (MOA)?
sodium channel blocker
What is the rate of onset and duration of lidocaine?
rapid onset, 1-2 hour duration
When is lidocaine used in junior surgery?
It is used intratesticularly for castrations
What type of drug is bupivicaine (MOA)?
Sodium channel blocker
What is the rate of onset and duration of bupivicaine?
slower onset (20-30 minutes) and duration is longer (3-5 hours)
What is bupivicaine used for in junior surgery?
incisional block for spays
What is the ideal catheter size for a dog that is less than 7 kg?
22 gauge
What is the ideal catheter size for a dog that is greater than 7 kg?
20 gauge
Big dogs and big veins means that the vein is likely to do what?
roll
What breeds have very challenging veins?
chondrodysplastic breeds
When in doubt, what should you use during catheter placement for safety?
a muzzle
What is the limit of attempts per leg in a dog?
2 attempts
Why is the brachycephalic breed the anesthetists nightmare?
Airway obstruction is a risk pre and post-op
They are often chondrodysplastic so difficult veins
They have a hypoplastic trachea
What are tips for managing a brachycephalic patient?
Pre-oxygenate prior to induction
Induce and intubate rapidly
Maintain ET tube as long as possible in recovery
Maintain IV catheter and have induction agent ready in recovery
Monitor SpO2 after extubation
How long should a patients ET tube be cuffed?
until the patient is swallowing
What are common reactions associated with rapid recoveries?
dysphoria, disorientation, and aggression
How long should you maintain the catheter?
until the patient is awake and stable
Does a dog or a cat typically have a longer recovery?
a dog
What breeds are ‘risky’ breeds during anesthesia?
boxers, sight hounds, giant breeds, cavalier, older small breeds, and bulldogs
Why are boxers risky breeds?
heart disease, airway compromise
Why are sight hounds risky breeds?
slow drug metabolism, prolonged recovery
Why are giant breeds risky breeds?
heart disease, middle aged, decreased drug dosage
Why are cavaliers risky breeds?
heart disease
Why are older small breeds risky breeds?
heart and lungs
Why are bulldogs risky breeds?
everything about them
What type of drug is ephedrine?
a sympathomimetic - stimulates the release of norepinephrine
When is ephedrine used?
It is used in anesthesia to vasoconstrict and increase BP, however it may also increase HR and sympathetic tone
may see dysrhythmias
