Exam: 2 Respiratory Function Flashcards
What are the four major components that work together the in respiratory system?
Conduction, Ventilation, Respiration, Circulation
Laminar pattern of flow
fastest flow in the center, slower on the side from friction against vessel wall
Turbulent pattern of flow
flow pathway becomes disorganized, maybe unhealthy vessel, not flowing smoothly
Transitional pattern of flow
where these is a branch or split in vessel
Respiratory Epithelium
Respiratory epithelial cells, primary function to moisten, protect, and facilitate gas exchange.
Function of the Bronchial Arteries
to provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
Function of Pulmonary Arteries
provide deoxygenated blood for gas exchange
What is recruitment?
allows opening of previously closed capillaries
What is distention?
allows for widening of capillary vessels
What are the zones of pulmonary blood flow and perfusion?
Zone 1: minimal perfusion
Zone 2: intermittent perfusion
Zone 3: continuous perfusion
What is Ventilation perfusion matching (V= ventilation, Q=perfusion)?
Ventilation = the amount of air that reaches the alveoli, Perfusion = the blood that reaches the alveoli via the capillaries. This is vital for ensuring continuous delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the body. Healthy individual has a V/Q ratio of 1
Pulmonary Hypoxic Vasoconstriction
blood is shunted to areas with better ventilation, minimization of V/Q mismatch
What is dead space?
volume of gas within the conducting zone (as opposed to the transitional and respiratory zones)
What is minute ventilation?
measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute. Tidal Volume * Respiratory Rate
What is the Alveolar-arterial Oxygen Gradient?
Oxygen in the Alveolus (PAO₂) – Oxygen in the Arterial Blood (PaO₂)
What is the normal Aa gradient
10 mmHg
What does a widening Aa gradient indicate?
worsening lung function
What are the Mechanics of Ventilation?
Inspiration and Expiration
Tidal volume
the volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath
Inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal expiration
Vital capacity
the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.
Residual volume
the amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling.
What is Ohm’s Law
pressure difference = (airflow)(resistance)
or
Airway Resistance = (pressure difference)/(airflow)
Compliance
Ability of the lungs to stretch and expand
Change in Volume/ Change in Pressure
What are Type II Pneumocytes?
produce surfactant in order to decrease surface tension and help increase lung compliance
What is respiration?
The transfer of oxygen from the outside environment to cells within tissues, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite way
How is CO2 transported?
dissolved in blood, carbaminohemoglobin, Bicarbonate
What happens during acute respiratory distress?
Body tried to maintain homeostasis by increased worked of breathing, using accessory muscles, tripoding, tachypnea, speaking in shorter sentences, mental and circulatory function are unchanged
What things may cause acute respiratory failure?
opioids, asthma, chronic lung disease, infectious illness, ABG of PaO2 < 60 mmHg, ABG of PaCO2 > 50 mmHg
What is ABG?
arterial blood gas, test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. This test is used to find out how well your lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
What are the clinical manifestations of Acute Respiratory Failure?
rapid shallow breathing/ slow irregular breathing, accessory muscle use, mental status changes, cyanosis/pallor (circulatory changes)
What is the triad of pulmonary venous thromboembolism?
Venous stasis (immobility), hypercoagulability (cancer, pregnancy), intimal injury (trauma, endothelial damage)
What is pulmonary venous thromboembolism?
a condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein. VTE includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
What is a Pulmonary embolism?
occurs when a blood clot gets stuck in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung.
Clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism
circulatory obstruction causes sudden chest pain & dyspnea, hemoptysis, tachycardia/tachypnea
What can be done to diagnosis Pulmonary embolism (PE)?
Doppler studies of lower extremities, spiral CT scan, VQ scan, Chest X-ray, ECG
What is DVT?
Deep vein thrombosis, when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually in the legs.
