Exam 2: Pulmonary Disease

Question 1

What is Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

Answer 1

difficulty moving air out of the lungs, COPD/Asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, FEV1/FVA ratio < 75%

Question 2

What is Restrictive Pulmonary Disease?

Answer 2

difficultly moving are into the lungs (decreased compliance), pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, granulomas, ARDS, FEV1/FVC ratio normal since they are both reduced

Question 3

What does Obstructive look like on a spirogram?

Answer 3

More time and energy to get the same amount of air

Question 4

What does Restrictive look like on spirogram?

Answer 4

restriction of overall expansion of the lungs, not able to get as much in

Question 5

What three things causes airway resistance in Asthma?

Answer 5

Bronchoconstriction, inflammation, mucus

Question 6

Clinical manifestations of Asthma

Answer 6

cough (often chronic), wheezing, shortness of breath

Question 7

How is asthma diagnosed?

Answer 7

The FEV1/FVC ration is measured before and after bronchodilator treatment

Question 8

What is the treatment for asthma?

Answer 8

Albuterol, corticosteroids, Mast cell inhibitors

Question 9

Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis (COPD)

Answer 9

The Blue Bloater, edema from right-sided heart failure, excess body fluids (edema), chronic cough, shortness of breath on exertion, increased sputum, cyanosis, “Wet”

Question 10

Clinical Manifestations of Emphysema (COPD)

Answer 10

The Pink Puffer, use of accessory muscles to breathe, pursed-lips, minimal cough, barrel chest, digital clubbing, dyspnea, “Dry”

Question 11

What happens to the alveoli in Emphysema?

Answer 11

the inner walls of the lungs’ air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange.

Question 12

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 12

Small sacs form in the bronchi that cause mucus accumulation there, abnormal bronchial dilation and damage, cystic fibrosis, recurrent infections

Question 13

What are the genetics/mechanisms of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 13

CFTR mutation, hyper-secretion of thick mucus, Delt F 508 involved(??)

Question 14

Clinical manifestations of Cystic fibrosis

Answer 14

recurrent infections, “wet” cough, malabsorption’s (pancreatic insufficiency, malnutrition), diabetes

Question 15

What is nail clubbing?

Answer 15

rounded nails, angle greater than 180 degrees

Question 16

What is Bronchiolitis?

Answer 16

common lung infection in young children and infants (2yrs or younger). It causes inflammation and congestion in the small airways, often RSV

Question 17

What are the clinical manifestations of Bronchiolitis?

Answer 17

wheezing, dyspnea/tachypnea, low grade fever

Question 18

What is Epiglottitis?

Answer 18

life-threatening condition that occurs when the epiglottis — a small cartilage “lid” that covers your windpipe, cause may be H. flu or S. pneumo bacteria

Question 19

Clinical manifestations of Epiglottitis

Answer 19

swollen, red throat, drooling, dysphagia, fever, stridor

Question 20

What is Croup?

Answer 20

an infection of the upper airway, which obstructs breathing and causes a characteristic barking cough, bacterial or viral, often young children

Question 21

clinical manifestations of Croup

Answer 21

barking cough, stridor, low grade fever

Question 22

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 22

occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred. This thickened, stiff tissue makes it more difficult for your lungs to work properly, idiopathic, restrictive

Question 23

What is Sarcoidosis?

Answer 23

characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas) in any part of your body, unknown cause, increased incidence in African Americans

Question 24

What is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

Answer 24

type III hypersensitivity reaction that affects the lungs, maybe from organic dust exposure (hay, bird feces)

Question 25

What is pneumoconiosis?

Answer 25

lung disease caused by inorganic dust exposure, often occupational (Anthracosis -> “Coal Miner’s Lung”)

Question 26

What is the Etiology of ARDS?

Answer 26

Aspiration, Shock, Sepsis, Trauma

Question 27

What is ARDS?

Answer 27

Acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic alveoli in your lungs.

Question 28

Clinical manifestations of ARDS

Answer 28

refractory hypoxemia, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, “white out”

Question 29

What is IRDS?

Answer 29

Infant respiratory distress syndrome, immature lungs and lack of surfactant (compliance is severely decreased)

Question 30

clinical manifestations of IRDA

Answer 30

respiratory distress, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring

Question 31

What is a Pneumothorax?

Answer 31

a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall.

Question 32

What is Sinusitis?

Answer 32

an upper respiratory tract infection that is usually viral but can be bacterial

Question 33

What is Bronchitis?

Answer 33

a lower respiratory tract infection that is usually viral

Question 34

What is Pneumonia?

Answer 34

a lower respiratory tract infection that is mostly bacterial, sometimes viral

Question 35

What are the two types of Pneumonia?

Answer 35

Community acquired (walking pneumonia), and nosocomial (hospital acquired)

Question 36

Clinical manifestations of pneumonia

Answer 36

bacterial: fever/chills, “wet” cough
viral: URI, “dry” cough
Atypical: high fever, myalgias, GI symptoms

Question 37

What is tuberculosis?

Answer 37

bacterial lung infection

Question 38

Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis

Answer 38

may be asymptomatic for years, fever, cough, night sweats, weight loss