Exam 2: Pulmonary Disease Flashcards
What is Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
difficulty moving air out of the lungs, COPD/Asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, FEV1/FVA ratio < 75%
What is Restrictive Pulmonary Disease?
difficultly moving are into the lungs (decreased compliance), pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, granulomas, ARDS, FEV1/FVC ratio normal since they are both reduced
What does Obstructive look like on a spirogram?
More time and energy to get the same amount of air
What does Restrictive look like on spirogram?
restriction of overall expansion of the lungs, not able to get as much in
What three things causes airway resistance in Asthma?
Bronchoconstriction, inflammation, mucus
Clinical manifestations of Asthma
cough (often chronic), wheezing, shortness of breath
How is asthma diagnosed?
The FEV1/FVC ration is measured before and after bronchodilator treatment
What is the treatment for asthma?
Albuterol, corticosteroids, Mast cell inhibitors
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis (COPD)
The Blue Bloater, edema from right-sided heart failure, excess body fluids (edema), chronic cough, shortness of breath on exertion, increased sputum, cyanosis, “Wet”
Clinical Manifestations of Emphysema (COPD)
The Pink Puffer, use of accessory muscles to breathe, pursed-lips, minimal cough, barrel chest, digital clubbing, dyspnea, “Dry”
What happens to the alveoli in Emphysema?
the inner walls of the lungs’ air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture. This creates one larger air space instead of many small ones and reduces the surface area available for gas exchange.
What is bronchiectasis?
Small sacs form in the bronchi that cause mucus accumulation there, abnormal bronchial dilation and damage, cystic fibrosis, recurrent infections
What are the genetics/mechanisms of cystic fibrosis?
CFTR mutation, hyper-secretion of thick mucus, Delt F 508 involved(??)
Clinical manifestations of Cystic fibrosis
recurrent infections, “wet” cough, malabsorption’s (pancreatic insufficiency, malnutrition), diabetes
What is nail clubbing?
rounded nails, angle greater than 180 degrees
What is Bronchiolitis?
common lung infection in young children and infants (2yrs or younger). It causes inflammation and congestion in the small airways, often RSV
What are the clinical manifestations of Bronchiolitis?
wheezing, dyspnea/tachypnea, low grade fever
What is Epiglottitis?
life-threatening condition that occurs when the epiglottis — a small cartilage “lid” that covers your windpipe, cause may be H. flu or S. pneumo bacteria
Clinical manifestations of Epiglottitis
swollen, red throat, drooling, dysphagia, fever, stridor
What is Croup?
an infection of the upper airway, which obstructs breathing and causes a characteristic barking cough, bacterial or viral, often young children
clinical manifestations of Croup
barking cough, stridor, low grade fever
What is pulmonary fibrosis?
occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred. This thickened, stiff tissue makes it more difficult for your lungs to work properly, idiopathic, restrictive
What is Sarcoidosis?
characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas) in any part of your body, unknown cause, increased incidence in African Americans
What is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?
type III hypersensitivity reaction that affects the lungs, maybe from organic dust exposure (hay, bird feces)
What is pneumoconiosis?
lung disease caused by inorganic dust exposure, often occupational (Anthracosis -> “Coal Miner’s Lung”)
What is the Etiology of ARDS?
Aspiration, Shock, Sepsis, Trauma
What is ARDS?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic alveoli in your lungs.
Clinical manifestations of ARDS
refractory hypoxemia, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, “white out”
What is IRDS?
Infant respiratory distress syndrome, immature lungs and lack of surfactant (compliance is severely decreased)
clinical manifestations of IRDA
respiratory distress, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring
What is a Pneumothorax?
a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall.
What is Sinusitis?
an upper respiratory tract infection that is usually viral but can be bacterial
What is Bronchitis?
a lower respiratory tract infection that is usually viral
What is Pneumonia?
a lower respiratory tract infection that is mostly bacterial, sometimes viral
What are the two types of Pneumonia?
Community acquired (walking pneumonia), and nosocomial (hospital acquired)
Clinical manifestations of pneumonia
bacterial: fever/chills, “wet” cough
viral: URI, “dry” cough
Atypical: high fever, myalgias, GI symptoms
What is tuberculosis?
bacterial lung infection
Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis
may be asymptomatic for years, fever, cough, night sweats, weight loss
