Exam 2 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When would the hepatopancreatic sphincter most likely be open?

When chyme enters the duodenum
At the thought of food
When food enters the stomach

A

When chyme enters the duodenum

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2
Q

What types of muscle(s) line the esophagus?

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

A

skeletal

smooth

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3
Q

The pH of pancreatic juices (before they reach the duodenum) is __________________.

Acidic (below 7)
Neutral (7)
The same as blood (7.3-7.4)
Alkaline (above 7)

A

Alkaline (above 7)

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4
Q
  1. A patient has just had their gall bladder removed, following acute inflammation brought on by gall stones. What sort of dietary advice will you give this patient?

I suggest patient reduce ____ ___ because with the gall bladder gone, there is no longer a ______ ______ holder for the ___.

A

I suggest patient reduce FAT INTAKE because with the gall bladder gone, there is no longer a TEMPORARY STORAGE holder for the BILE. made by the LIVER.

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5
Q
  1. A patient has just had their gall bladder removed, following acute inflammation brought on by gall stones. What sort of dietary advice will you give this patient?

Therefore, the liver will want to be ____ the bile that it makes in order to _____ digest ___ (emulsification).

A

therefore the liver will want to be DUMPING the bile that it makes in order to MECHANICALLY digest LIPIDS (emulsification).

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6
Q
  1. A patient has just had their gall bladder removed, following acute inflammation brought on by gall stones. What sort of dietary advice will you give this patient?

Also suggest increase/supplement what 4 vitamins because they are lipid soluble.

A

vitamins D,A,K and E.

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7
Q
  1. How can excess dietary protein be converted into fat?

proteins broken down into ___ ___ and then those are _____ into _____.

A

Protein first is broken down into AMINO ACIDS and then those amino acids are DEAMINATED into KETOACIDS.

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8
Q
  1. How can excess dietary protein be converted into fat?

Excess dietary protein can be converted into fat then when those ____ attach to more ____ forming a 3 ___ ___ + ____

A

Excess dietary protein can be converted into fat then when those KETOACIDS attach to more KETOACIDS forming a 3 FATTY ACID + GLYCEROL

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9
Q
  1. How can excess dietary protein be converted into fat?

which forms a _____ and is stored in an ____.

A

which forms a TRIGLYCERIDE and is stored in an ADIPOCYTE.

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10
Q

A new dietary supplement is advertised as being an “essential nutrient”. The word “essential” could mean two different things in this context, what are those 2 meanings?

A
  1. Necessary for life

2. Not synthesized by the body and must come from an essence of another substance.

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11
Q
  1. Why are omega-3 fatty acids (or other mono-unsaturated fatty acids) considered healthy?

Omega-3 fatty acids are considered healthy because they are in the __ formation which gives their structure a ___ at the carbon-carbon double bond. This prevents them from packing tightly together, making them more likely to be _____ at body temperature.

A

Omega-3 fatty acids are considered healthy because they are in the ‘CIS’ formation which gives their structure a KINK at the carbon-carbon double bond. This prevents them from packing tightly together, making them more likely to be LIQUID at body temperature.

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12
Q
  1. Why are omega-3 fatty acids (or other mono-unsaturated fatty acids) considered healthy?

This means that they won’t contribute to ____ formation in ____ walls or lead to ___ ____.

A

This means that they won’t contribute to PLAQUES formation in ARTERIAL walls, or lead to HEART DISEASE.

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13
Q
  1. Why are omega-3 fatty acids (or other mono-unsaturated fatty acids) considered healthy?

They also can help other solid fats ___ to behave like liquids in the body, which also aids in preventing _____.

A

They also can help other solid fats ‘BEND’ to behave like liquids in the body, which also aids in preventing ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

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14
Q
  1. Name two differences between HDLs and LDLs, besides HDLs are “good cholesterol” and LDLs are “bad cholesterol”:

HDL are ____ ____ (more ___ vs. cholesterol)

A

a. HDL are higher density (more protein vs cholesterol)

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15
Q
  1. Name two differences between HDLs and LDLs, besides HDLs are “good cholesterol” and LDLs are “bad cholesterol”:

HDL made by ____ ____ for ____, LDLs made by ___ for ____.

A

b. HDLs made by target organs for removal, LDLs made by liver for storage.

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16
Q

Chylomicrons are absorbed by the:

A

lacteals

17
Q

Exocrine pancreas: Acinar cells release [a] juices that mix with the chyme exiting the stomach. The net result of this mixture is that the pH inside the duodenum is roughly [b]

acidic
basic
neutral

A

a. basic

b. neutral

18
Q

When the nitrogen atom is removed from amino-acids, this usually produces the poisonous molecule [a] which much then be converted into [b] in the liver, which can be excreted in urine.

A

a. ammonia

b. urea

19
Q

What happens to the following cells when Insulin is released in the bloodstream:

absorbs glucose, turns it into triglycerides

A

Adipocyte

20
Q

What happens to the following cells when Insulin is released in the bloodstream:

absorbs glucose (and amino acids), converts it into glycogen

A

Muscle fiber

21
Q

What happens to the following cells when Insulin is released in the bloodstream:

absorbs glucose, converts it into glycogen

A

Liver cell

22
Q

What happens to the following cells when Insulin is released in the bloodstream:

no change to glucose useage, may inhibit appetite

A

CNS neuron

23
Q

What is the dental formula, by type:

incisors: [a]
canines: [b]
premolars: [c]
molars: [d]

A

incisors: 2
canines: 1
premolars: 2
molars: 3

24
Q

A drug is absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestines. What organ will it reach first:

A

liver

25
Q

Endocrine pancreas: The pancreas secretes the hormone [a] into the blood when blood glucose is high, and the hormone [b] into the blood when blood glucose is low.

A

a. insulin

b. glucagon

26
Q

The ileocecal valve connects the [a] and the [b].

A

a. ileum

b. cecum