Exam 2: Lecture 6 - Global Food Production Systems Flashcards
Define Food security
Have a reliable source of food and sufficient resouces to purchase it
What are the 4 conditions that must be fulfilled to ensure food security
Availability
Access
Stability
Utilization
In regards to the 4 dimensions of food security give examples of Availability
- Production
- Distribution
- Exchange
In regards to the 4 dimensions of food security give examples of Access
- income
- food aid
- afford or help getting the food
In regards to the 4 dimensions of food security give examples of Stability
- Supplies
- preservation
- Not just a one time thing
In regards to the 4 dimensions of food security give examples of Utilization
- Nutrient content
- Food safety
- Human health
According to FAO, world food production will need to increase _____% to feed the more than 9 billion people by 2050
69%
What are the major growth areas (population wise) that are projected population growth in the billions
- Asia
- SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa)
these are developing countries
Taking into account a growing population and shifting diets, the world will need to produce ______% percent more food calories in 2050 than we did in 2006
69%
Most studies now project adverse impacts on crop yields due to climate change. How much has the earth warmed due to crop production
3 degrees celcius
When poorer people acquire discetionary income, what is one of the first things they seek to purchase
Animal food source
EX: steak dinner
What are the 4 main regions that are having a major change (in percentage) when it comes to global consumption of meat and milk products
- Europe union (7%)
- Canada + USA (-2%)
- Asia (72%)
- India (94%)
According to the global change in livestock numbers, what are the 3 main types are increasing most
- Chickens
- Ducts
- Goats
When soical systems and ecosystems intertwine/ come together what is the outcome
Agroecosystem
- Farm / production unit
Where we get out food from
What are the inputs in the transformative process (Production system) to get the appropiate outputs in Agroecosystems
Outputs include:
- Food
- fiber
- manure
- other products
Inputs:
- sun
- water
- soil
- nutroents
- labor
Socialeconomic forces and cultural forces make up what category in Agroecosystems
Social system
Biological forces and physical forces make up what category in Agroecosystems
Ecosystem
What are the 4 determining elements of an Agroecosystem?
Environment
Biota
People
Economics
Define Envionment in Agroecosystems
climate and geography
Define Biota in Agroecosystems
the animals and plants (crops) that are physiologically adapted to an enviornment
Define people in Agroecosystems
history
culture
religion
Define Economics in Agroecosystems
trade and law
The following are part of which section in elements determining Agroecosystem
- Pastrolists
- Agropastoralists
- Transhumance
- Ranchers
- Mixed Substence farmers
- Intensive industrial livestock producers
- Aquaculturalists
- Alternative farmers
- Wildlife ranches
Human element (People)
How does economics play a role in Agroeconomics
- Subsistence (only have enough for the family now and that is it)
- Production and above subsistences (Have enough for now and later)
- Trade (so much you have enough to sell and trade)
The following define?
- Mobile livestock-keeping to available pasture and water
- Arid and semi-ariad envionment
- includes camel, sheep, goats, and horses
- Shapes diet (milk/meat) as well as culture
Pastoralism
What are the challenges to Pastoralism
- cross social and political barriers
- Transmission of disease
- Conflict for resources with agropastoralists, ranching and wildlife
What is defined as:
- Some crop agriculture is carried out, usually at a home site, in addition to the extensive grazing of livestock
- Semi-arid envionments
- Camels, cattle, sheep, goats, equids = milk, meat, fertilizer, and culture
- Due to fixed land use
- poultry can be added
Agro-pastoralism
What is defined as:
- A form of pastoralism in which herders and their animals move seasonally between two specific regions
- Envionment where there are severe seasonal fluctuations, like the mountain agriculture of Scandinavia, Australia, Germany, Switerland and western US
- Cattle, sheep, goats = milk, meat, fertilizer, culture
Transhumance
What is defined as
- common in semi-arid to sub-humid zones that favor grasslands (EX: western US)
- Requires large amounts of privately owned or govenment leased land
- Mainly meat production (ruminants)
Ranching
What type of agriculture activity is the most important farming activity in the Amzon region today
Cattle ranching
What percent of deforstation in Brazil is due to cattle ranching
70%
- large areas of forest are cleared and replaced by grass, turning the ecosystem on its head
- tropical pastures have a short life cycle and are easily attacked by insects pests and diseases. they are abandoned and more forest cleared
What is defined as:
- Sedentary systems in which crops are the main source of food, with animals supporting the farming operation (traction, fertilizer, transport, saving, food, and risk of diversification)
- sub humid to humid evn.
- The most widespread form of agricultural activity in the world
- Ruminats, poultry, swine, equids, and small animals
Mixed subsistence farming
What is the most widespread form of agricultural activity in the world
Mixed subsistence Farming
Define the impacts of small farm sizes
- Currently in east africa, average farm size is less than 1 ha (2.5 acres) due to ongoing subdivision
- Unable to support large stock
- Greater emphysis on small stock
- limited access to external inputs
- productivity and profitability of land is reduced
What is the average farm size in the USA
444 acreas
What is defined as:
- sedentary crop and livestock agriculture where the main reason for crop reduction is to feed livestock
- dairy, eggs, poultry, speacility fibers, and meat
- usually occurs when there is a market demand for livestock products and suitaable access to infrastructure for more intensive animal husbdnary
- increasing in peri-urban settings
mixed speacility farming
What is defined as:
- concentrated animal feeding opertions (CADO’s)
intensive industrial livestock production
Production is independent of the enviornment but heavily impacts the enviornment which requires large amounts of?
non-renewable resources
List some common examples of diseases related to production and high-density confinment
- LDA
- rumen acidosis
- liver abcess
- enterotoxemia
What type of operation is the most rapidly growing system of farm animal production
Concentrated animal feeding operations
____% of growth in live stock sectors now come from CAFOs
80%
What are the major advantages of intensive agriculture
cheaper food
- more predictable over time
greater variety and availability
- many hybrids are disease resistant
longer shelf life
- storage technology is increadible
fewer geopgraphic limitations
- fertilizers and irrigation hae made more lands available
- may be able to change/Alter the enviornment
Less dependance on human labor
- lower man: machine ratio
Decreased time to market
- faster transportation in higher quality and shelf life
What are common disadvantages of intensive agriculture
Concentrated by-products
- runoff, manure, odor, other wastes
animal welfare issues
- highly variable
environmental impact
- soil, surface water and water systems
What are the benefits of food production and publich health
- intensive food (around 10% of disposable income)
- safer than ever before
- positive balance of trade (even internationally)
- agriculture is the main power across the world
What are the drawbacks of food production and public health
- resultant change to pathogens
- enviornmental concers
- antimicrobial resistance
(historically 80% of all antibiotics produced were used in livestock and poultry)
its obvious that intensive agricultural production techniques have certain negative outcomes on human and animal health, however (finish the phrase)
one should be careful in critizing system that successfully feeds a significant portion of the worlds population (especially if ones mouth is full)
As more milk of produced, is more or less methane and waste produced
LESS
the following are defined as:
- the cultivation of aquatic plants and animals
- fresh water fish
- brackish water
- marine water
- can be intensive production or part of mixed agricultural systems
Aquaculture
Organic farming is an example of?
alternative agriculture
What is the difference in organic livestock production compared to normal farming
- avoids the use of synthestic compounds (growth regulators / feed additives)
- encourages the use of natural compounds or practices (minerals, biological pest contron, integrated pest management) to control disease
- limited capactiy and limited market
What is defined as:
- the rearing of wild animal species in confinment in a semi-doomesticated state for commercial exploitation
- food production, skins and leather, sale of live animals
- ungulates, fowls, rodents, reptiles and bison
Game ranching
what is defined as:
- puppy raising
- horse racing
- greyhound racing
- pet birds
- fish
- reptiles
companion and hobby animals
