Exam 1: Lecture 3: Micronutrients Flashcards
List the Marcominerals
- Calcium - CA
- Phosphorus - P
- Sodium - Na
- Chloride - Cl
- Magnesium - Mg
- Potassium - K
- Sulfur - S
List the Microminerals (trace minerals)
- Zinc - Zn
- Copper - Cu
- Selenium - Se
- Iodine - I
- Iron - Fe
- Mangenese - Mn
- Molybdenum - Mo
- Cobalt - Co
List the Fat souble Vitamins
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin K
List the water soluble Vitamins
- Cobalamin - B12
- Folate - B9
- Niacin - B3
- Pyrodoxine - B6
- Riboflavin - B2
- Thiamine - B1
What is a complete and balanced diet?
Mineral balances with one another
T/F: Nutrients can be deficient or excessive (toxic) causing adverse effects on health
true
T/F: Too much of one mineral can replace the amount of another
false
too much of one mineral can cause a deficiency of another mineral (EX Ca:P)
potential for fat soluble vitamins to compete for absorption
T/F: For theraputic diets, nutrients may be increased or decreased compared to current (maintenance) diet
true
Feeding a phosphorus deficient diet to help slow progression of chronic kidney disease is what type of diet?
theraputic diets
another example is enhancing vitamin E for patients with liver dsease
What are the two important Gastrointestinal microorganisms
B vitamins - mainly herbivores
Vitamin K
Primary ingredients (protein, fatty acids and carbohydrates), supplements, and dirt/soil all make up an animals ______
diet
Can we do a test to determine a patients micronutrient status?
No, no single simple effective test
What DNA samples can be taken to test the amount of micronutrients - even though they are not reliable
Hair
Blood
T/F: Hair and blood doesnt represent the total body status
true
- also not all labs practice good quality control with assays so this doesnt help with testing
Which of the following is a micro mineral?
Calcium
Zinc
Potassium
Niacin
Zinc
Define macromineral
required in larger amounts
g/day
Define Microminerals
Required in smaller amounts
mg/day
How can minerals be classified using their molecular structure
Inorganic / element (EX: Zinc Sulfate)
Organic (bound to carbon containing molecule (EX: zinc methionine)
- amino acid
- phytates and oxalates, if present, inhibit absoprtion
- not to be confused with USDA organic
Case example:
- 5 mo F lab
- facial swelling, respiratory distress, hyper salivation, loose teeth, difficulty walking
- Diet history: milk + meat
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
reduced demineralization (reduced radiodensity)
Which nutrients are involved in nutritional hyperparathyroidism
inverse dietary calcium to phosphorus ratio
What is this clinical condition?
osteodystrophy
AKA
- miller disease
- big head disease
- bran disease
- metabolic disease
Reduced serum _____ + increased serum _______ = stimulate PTH
reduced serum Ca
increased serum P
Reduced serum Ca + increased serum P = stimulate PTH = osteoclasts release _____ from ?
release Ca from bone
so the kidneys excrete more P
Calcium deficiency can cause?
- decreased bone density (osteopenia/osteoporosis/rickets)
- Milk fever
- Eclampsia
rest of info on chart
Toxicity of Phosphorus can cause?
- Bone loss
- Nutritional hyperparathyroidism / nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidim
- maybe chronic kidney
disease
rest of info on chart
Is sodium a cation or anion
cation
Is chloride a cation or anion
STRONG anion
Hypocloridemia can occur secondary to vomiting due to which 2 micronutrient?
Sodium and chloride deficiency
Hypokalmeia can occur secondary to diuretics and CKD due to which micronutrient deficiency?
potassium
T/F: Cardiac arrythmias can occur due to Potassium toxicity?
false, due to potassium deficiency
Hyperkalemia can occur secondary to CKD due to which micronutrient toxicity?
Potassium
What organic sources does potassium come from?
forage
fruit
vegetables
Magnesium toxicity can cause?
- Paralysis
- urinary stones
- Alkalosis (cation)
What is the pratical tip for anemic patients
conduct a nutrition assessment, dont just supplement iron
Deficieny of iron can cause?
- Anemia
- Poor skin and Haircoat
Iodine deficiency can cause?
- Thyroid disorders (Goiter)
- Poor skin and haircoat
Idoine toxicity can cause?
- decreased appetite
- Weight loss
- Goiter
What type of deficiency is defined in this image?
Copper deficiency
Copper deficiency can cause?
- anemia
- poor skin and haircoat
(black coat dilution (rust)) - aortic rupture
Copper toxicity can cause?
Copper hepatopathy
- some dogs, esp. in predisposing individuals)
- Belingtons in labs
- Kidney disease in sheep
Zinc deficiency can show?
- poor skin and haircoat
- decreased appetite and weight loss
- decreased repoduction
- diarrhea
Zinc toxicity can cause?
- hemolytic anemia
- vomiting
- Copper deficiency
What is the function of selenium?
- enzyme cofactor
- immune response
- Antioxidant
- Thyroid hormone production (T4=T3)
Selenium deficiency can cause?
- muscular disorders
- decreased reproduction
Selenium toxicity can cause?
- decreased appetite
- weight loss
- Neurologic disorders
Manganese deficiency can cause?
- Decreased reproduction
- Liver disorders
Are the following cations or anions?
- Potassium
- sodium
Cations
Are the following cations or anions?
- Magnesium
cations
Are the following cations or anions?
- Chloride
- Sulfur (methionine)
Anions
Are the following cations or anions?
- Phosphorus
Anions
What are the functions of Acid-Base
- Blood pH
- Urine pH
- Muscle contraction
- Nerve conduction
Should you supplement minerals on top of a complete and balanced pet food without indication?
NO!! only supplement minerals if there is specific indications
T/F: If you suspect a nutrient deficiency / toxicity, conduct a nutrition assessment, which includes evaluating the current diet feeding management
true
Vitamin A toxicities can cause?
- Cervical / thoracic exostosis
- birth defects
- Hypercalcemia
What are the functions of Vitamin A
- vision
- immunity
- antioxidant
- cellular differentiation
T/F: cats convert carotenoids from plant to activate vitamin A
Fase, but dogs can
Cats need to obtain vitamin A from animal products
T/F: Cats require retinal
true
What can happen with Vitamin D deficiencies?
- Loss of bone (osteoporosis)
- Similar signs as calcium deficiency (DOD)
- Rickets
T/F: Dogs can not synthesize vitamin D from exposure to skin (unlike humans)
true
this also applies to cats
T/F: We can measure 25-Hydroxy vitamin D in the liver
true
Vitamin E toxicity can be seen as?
- NOT SEEN
- very high amount could interfere with other fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin E deficiency can be seen as?
- Steatitis
- Muscle weakness / myopathy
Deficiencies of Vitamin K?
- blood clotting disorders
- Rodenctides that contain anticoagulations
- Intestinal disease
- Oral antibiotics
Microbs in the gut (K2) produced which vitamin? This means there is no dietary requirement as long as GI health is optimal
Vitamin K
Deficiency of Thiamin (Vitamin B1) can be seen as?
- neurologic signs and weakness
- ventroflexion of head and neck in cats
- heat sensitive
- thiaminase in raw fish
Deficiencies such as
- poor appetite and weight loss
- Lethargy, weakness and collapse
- corneal opactiy
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Oral ulcerations/inflammation, tongue necrosis (black tongue) is a deficiency of which vitamin?
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Which vitamin is a precurose to Coenzyme A that if deficient can cause liver and heart disorders?
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
Nurological disorders such as convulsion and twitching is caused by which vitamin deficiency?
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Which vitamin deficiency is responsible for
- anemia
- clotting disorders
- cleft palate
Folic acid (vitmain B9)
Which vitamin deficiency may be caused secondary to GI disease (complex trasnport and absorption) and can cause anemia
Cobalamin (Vitamine B12)
Which vitamin is not essential, but included in pet food due to antioxidant activity
Vitamin C
Which nutrient deficiency can cause?
- normally synthesized in body
- Poor appetite
- weight loss
- Hepatic lipidosis
- Heart disorders
Choline
