Exam 1: Lecture 1: Introduction to nutrition, feeding methods, and dietary options for dogs and cats Flashcards
How can animals be managed by humans in what ways?
- Pets (dogs, cats, birds, and exotics)
- Livestock- food and fiber producing
- Working, sporting (farm animals, horses)
- Zoos, aquariums (exhibition, conservation)
- Research (rodents, primates)
Why is proper nutrition and feeding practices necessary in veterinary patients?
- better health and longevity
- improving / optimizing production
- Standardizing research protocols
What feeding method will increase the risk of an animal being overweight?
free choice feeding
Define meal feeding
Food is offered or twice a day in a measured amount (fixed)
How many times a day should we feed growing puppies and kittens, finicky pets, or if decreased appeitie uneaten food is removed and discarded (or saved for the next meal)
3-4 times a day
What are the advantages to Meal feeding
- portion control
- observe palatability, acceptance, appetite, intake
- Physiological for dogs
What are the disadvantages to meal feeding
- May be difficult to know amount to feed
- Measuring cups or scoops are variable
- Requires more time and effort
- Not physiological for cats
Define free choice / ad libitum
- Food is always available
- replenished whenver bowl is empty
What are the advatages to free feeding
- less time and effort
- no special measurement
- eliminates begging behavior
- Allows mutliple pets to have access to
What are the disadvatages of free feeding
- limited portion (but doesnt have to be)
- Risk of overweight and obesity
- Difficult to monitor appetie / intake
Define time feeding
food is offered for a fixed period of time and then removed
- uncommon
What are the advatages to time feeding
- Measurement not as important
- some control over intake
What are the disadvantages to time feeding
- requires more time and effort
- may lead to under or over feeding
- may encourage rapid intake
Define Hand feeding
Feeding an aimals out of your hand or handing the animal food as they want
- she didnt have a definition for it but im sure this is what she would say
What are the advatages to hand feeding
- Coaxes animals to eat
- reduces stress and distraction (maybe)
What are the disadvantages to hand feeding
- requires the most time and effort
- may lead to under or over feeding
- encourages dependent behavior
Define combination feeding
example - wet fod is offered as a meal once a day and dry food fed free choice
What are the advantages to combination feeding
- tailored to what works for owner and pet
What are the disadvantages to combination feeding
adds complexity and animal may become dependent on this behavior
What are the “five freedoms” to animal welfare
- Freedom from thirst and hunger
- freedom from discomfort
- freedom from pain, injury and disease
- freedom to express most normal behaviors
- Freedome from fear and distress
Define freedom from thirst and hunger
be ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor
Define freedom from discomfort
by providing an appropriate enviornment including shelter and a comfortable resting area
Define freedom from pain, injury and disease
by preventing or rapid diagnosis and treatment
Define freedom to express most normal behaviors
by providing sufficient space, poper facilities, and company of the animals own kind
Define freedom from fear and distress
by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering
Veternarians in clinical practice are responsible for ________ and ________
preventable care and health
Commercial pet food comes in 3 ways, which are?
- Dry (kibble)
- wet
- freeze-dried
What type of food is described as:
- Produced by extrusion
- less commonly by baking or pelleting
dry (kibble)
What type of food is described as:
- cans and pouches
(produced by mixing and steralizing (heat, pressure)) - frozen and refrigerated
(produced with various methods, may be raw, cooked, or partially cooked
Wet
What type of food is described as:
- may be raw or partially cooked
Freeze dried
List the advantages to dry food (kibble)
- most economical
- convenient
- long term storage
- most sustainable
List the disadvantages to Dry food
may have a lower palatability
- depends on the individual
Lack of variety of flavors and textures
- main a pet owner problem and not the pet
What is the most common way we feed small animals?
dry (kibble)
list the advantages to wet food
- long shelf life
- convenient
- palatable
- variety of flavors and textures
list the disadvantages of wet food
- expensive
- high environmental impact
What dog food is described as:
- high water content (70-85%)
- generally higher in fat and lower in non-fiber carbohydrates than dry kibble
wet food
list the advantages of frozem refrigerated, and freeze-dried food
palatable
variety of flavors and tesxtures
list the disadvantages of frozen, refigerated and freeze dried food
- expensive
- requires special handling and storage
- short shelf life (refigerated)
- high enviornmental impact
Does the following fit a retail or veterinary theraputic diet
- widely available
- mostly intended for healthy pets
retail
Where can you purchase retail diets
- grocery stores
- big box general retailers
- farm supply retailers
- Independent and regional pet exclusive retailers
- online retailers
Does the following fit a retail or veterinary theraputic diet
- only prescribed / sold by licensed veternarian
- mostly intended for pets with medical conditions
veterinary theraputic diets
Where can you get veterinary theraputic diets
- veterinary clinics
- some petsmart store that have banfield clinics
- online pharmacies linked to practices
- Amazon and chewy
Does the following fit a retail or veterinary theraputic diet
- healthy pets
- maintenance / repro/ growth / all lifestages
- may have more variations batch-to-batch
retail
Does the following fit a retail or veterinary theraputic diet
- may focus more on marketing trends and ingredients
- may have lowered cost
retail
Does the following fit a retail or veterinary theraputic diet
- pets with special needs
- maintenance / repro/ growth / all life stages or intermittent / supplemental feeding
- tend to have precise specifications with little variation batch-to-batch
veterinary theraputic diet (veterinary exclusive diets)
Does the following fit a retail or veterinary theraputic diet
- tend to focus more on science/nutrients and less on ingredients
- tend to have a higher cost
veterinary theraputic diet (veterinary exclusive diet)
List some categories of veterinary diets
gastrointestinal
weight management
dermatologic
kidney
lower urinary tract
mobility
liver
dental
critical care
cancer
heart
neurological
Some owners may prefer to avoid commercial products, so veternarians may have recommended home cooked diets in some situations. What is the problem with this?
lots of room for error
What are some reasons pet owners choose to make their own food
- palatability
- perceived health benefits of human food vs pet food
- control over what pets eat (fear of what may be included in pet food)
- wish to avoid additives / preservatives and chemicals (etc.)
- food allergies - need to avoid certain ingredients
- unique medical conditions for which no commercial diets are appropriate
- equating food with love
Does the following fit a commercial or home-cooked diet
- most are 100% complete and balanced
- some diets supported by research and feeding trials
commercial diets
Does the following fit a commercial or home-cooked diet
- most published recipes are not complete/or not balanced
- little research
home cooked
Does the following fit a commercial or home-cooked diet
- may be cooked/heat processed or raw
- no screening
home cooked
Does the following fit a commercial or home-cooked diet
- May be cooked/heat processed or raw
- most undergo quality control screening for toxins, contaminats, bacteria, ect.
commercial diets
If you pet has a medical condition requiring a customized home cooked diet for an individual pet how can you ensure you are meeting their needs, especially in sick animals
consult with a board-certified veterinary nutritionist
T/F: The Balance IT is a recipe generator that anyone can use. working knowledge of nutrition requirements of dogs and care necessary for best results. For healthy patients or when consulting with a vet nutritionist isnt pratical
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