Exam 1: Lecture 2: Macronutrients Flashcards
What is a complete and balanced diet?
Meets all essential nutrient needs and in an appropiate ratio
EX: Ca:P
Define essential nutrients
needs to be supplied in the diet
Define non-essential nutrients
doesnt need to be supplied in the diet because the animal can make it
Define conditionally essential nutrients
nutrients needed in certain conditions
EX: stage of life
T/F: nutrients can be deficient or excess (toxic) causing adverse effects on health
true
T/F: For theraputic diets, nutrients may be increased or decreased compared to current (maintenance) diet
true
The following are examples of?
- feeding a phosphorus deficient diet to help slow down progression of chronic kidney disease
- enhancing omega-3 fatty acids to suport joint health
Theraputic diet
Define Macronutrients
nutrients that make up a relatively large proportion of diets
Define micronutrients
nutrients that make up a smaller portion of the diet
What is the most important nutrient for all animals?
WATER
What are the 3 groups of macronutrients that make up large portions of the diet
- protein
- fat/lipid
- carbohydrates
What are the 2 groups of micronutrients that make up a smaller portion of the diet
- vitamins
- minerals
(macrominerals or microminerals)
What do macronutrients do?
source of essential amino acids
- protein
- lipid/fat
- carbohydrates
Protein is a source of essential ?
amino acids
Lipids/fats is a source of essential?
fatty acids
T/F: Carbohydrates are essential for herbivores
true
T/F: carbohydrates are essential for dogs.cats?
False, they are not technically essential
What is the benefit of carbohydrates in dogs/cats
play an important role in GI health +/- blood glucose maintenance
What do macronutrients do?
source of energy (calories)
______ generated from anerobic and aerobic metabolism
ATP
How is ATP generated from anaerobic metabolism using the glycolysis cycle?
carbohydrates
How is ATP generated from aerobic metabolism using the TCA cycle?
- protein
- lipid
- carbohydrates
Do proteins, lipids/fats, and carbohydrates yield the same amount of energy?
no
Out of the 3 which is the most energy dense?
- protein
- lipids/fats
- carbohydrates
lipids
_______=. complex structures composed of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
proteins
________= nitrogen containing molecules
amino acids
What is the purpose of protein?
- muscle
- hormones
- enzymes
- plasma oncotic pressure
- acid/base balance
- energy substrate (aerobic, also gluconeogenic amino acids especially for the cat)
In order list the species that have the lest protein requirements to those that have the highest protein requirement
- Dogs, humans, cats
humans - least
dog
cat - most
What is the formula to calculate crude protein
Nitrogen x 6.25
T/F: Does crude protein differentiate between amino acids and non-amino acids nitrogen?
no
Urea is an example of what type of nitrogen?
non-amino acid nitrogen
Animal and plant protein is an example of what type of nitrogen
amino acid nitrogen
What is a good quality protein?
- Rich essential amino acid
- Highly dogestible and bioavailable
What are the essential amino acids we have to know for the course?
Phenlyalanine
Methionine
Arginine
Lysine
Taurine
The first limiting amino acid is?
Lysine
Which essential amino acid is important for cats because they do make enough?
Taurine
Are “byproducts” a source of protein?
Yes, animal based byproducts are
- provide the largest amount of protein
What are byproducts?
animal organs instead of skeletal products used in food
Can plants be a good source of protein?
Yes, for omnivores
For carnivores, its tricky
Grains such as gluten and legumes such as soy and lentiles are examples of?
Plants being a good source of protein
How can you tell if protein (especially essential amino acids) intake is adequate?
- Muscle condition score
- serum albumin
compare the current diet to requirements
Examples of deficiency syndromes are?
- Muscle loss
- decreased growth rate
- weight loss
- anemia
- poor hair coat + decreased color
- dilated cardiomyopathy + retinopathy (taurine)
What is the purpose of lipids/fats
- energy substrate (aerobic)
- lipid membranes
- fat soluble vitamin absorption
- neurologic and rentinal development
What are the 3 types of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Free fatty acids
What are the structures that make up a triglyceride?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Fatty acids are characterized by?
the number of double bonds
Define Saturated fatty acids
0 double bonds
- single bonds only
Define unsaturated fatty acids
monosaturated and polysaturated bonds
What is a monosaturated unsaturated FA?
1 double bone
What is a polyunsaturated unsaturated FA?
2 + double bonds
T/F: All essential fatty acids are monounsaturated fatty acids acids?
FALSE!!
All essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated FA
Polyunsaturated FA (PUFAs) are further characterized by?
the number and location of double bonds
Linoleic acids and Arachidonic acids are under which type of PUFAs
Omega 6
Alpha linolenic acid, EPA, DHA are part of which PUFAs
Omega 3
Are omega 3’s or omega 6’s anti-inflammatory?
Omega 6’s
Where is the 1st double bond for Omega 6 located from the methyl end (CH3)
6th carbon
Where is the 1st double bond for Omega 3 located from the methyl end (CH3)
3rd carbon bond
T/F: Fatty acids can also be characterized by their length?
true
Define short chain FA
- Volatile fatty acids (VFA’s)
- less than 6 carbons
- Produced by GI microbes
Define Medium chained fatty acids
- 6 - 12 carbons
- coconut oil (source)
Define long chain fatty acids
- 13 - 21 carbons
- Essential fatty acid are all long chain
T/F: Essential fatty acids are all long chain?
true
Is the following essential for dogs, cats, or both?
- Linoleic Acid
both
Is the following essential for dogs, cats, or both?
- Arachidonic acid
cats
this E-FA is the 1 reason why dogs/cat food is not good for one another
Is the following essential for dogs, cats, or both?
- Alpha linolenic acid
dogs
Is the following essential for dogs, cats, or both?
- EPA + DHA
both
How are lipids absorbed and transported to different tissues
How are leaves a source of fatty acids
alpha linolenic acid
How is grain/seed a source of Fatty acids
linolenic acid
How is animal tissue a source of fatty acids
- arachidonic acid
- EPA and DHA
- variable, dependent on animals and diet
Vegetable oils and poultry fat supplies mostly __________ omega 6 FA
polyunsaturated
mammal fats supply mostly ________ FA
saturated
Fish/marine sources, including algae, supply _________ omega 3 FA
polyunsaturated
What is the easiest way to tell if essential fatty acids intake is adequate?
Skin and coat
Deficiency syndromes of essential fatty acids include?
- dry skin / dermatitis / dull haircoat
- decreased neural and retinal function (during development and growth)
- Decreased growth rate
- weight loss
- immunodeficiency
T/F: Carbohydrate classification is complex?
true
How can you classify carbohydrates?
- fiber vs non-fiber
- molecular structure
- complexity
- solubility
- fermentability
- viscosity
Define non-fiber carbohydrates
digestible carbohydrates
Define fiber carbohydrates
indigestible carbohydrates
Organic molecules contain ______ which is essential for carbohydrate classification on a Fiber vs non-Fiber
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
Monosaccharides
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- lactose
- sucrose
- maltose
- trehalose
Disaccharides
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- Starch
Polysaccharide
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- Fructooligosaccharides
- lactulose
- xyloologosaccharide
- raffinose
- stachyose
Oligosaccharide
For the following examples, determine what type of molecular structure they are
- **cellulose))
- hemicellulose
- pectins
- gums
- xylans
Polysaccharide
Which fiver class based on molecular structure is a pancreatic amylase
Polysaccharide
- non-fiber
- starch
Does the following define Non-Fiber carbohydrates or Fiber carbohydrates?
- GI health
(fuel for microbes, motility, stool quality) - regulate glucose absoprtion
- reduces energy density
Fiber
Does the following define Non-Fiber carbohydrates or Fiber carbohydrates?
- Satiety
- reduces diet digestability (in general)
Fiber
Does the following define Non-Fiber carbohydrates or Fiber carbohydrates?
- Supply dietary energy (metabolized to glucose)
(quick every - glycolysis)
(fetal energy) - Euglycemia
- Lactose
- Glycogen
- Glycoproteins
Non-fiber
How are carbohydrates important for GI health
- Metabolic regulation
- Fecal features
- GI system
- Gut microbiome health
- immune system
- etc
Most immune cells are located where in the body?
along the GI tract
T/F: Carbohydrates can balance protein and fat in the diet?
true
but remember, at times when we need to restrict a macronutrient, we need to lean on others
T/F: If you need more protein, increase the amount of carbohydrates
true
Grains, vegetables, fruits, (whole/modified/purified) and Glycogen (animal) are all sources of?
carbohydrates
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- fructose
- galactans
- apple pectin
- citrus pulp
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- pectin
- flaxseed
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- grape pomace
- tomato pomace
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- pistachio
- psyllium
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- hemicellulose
- beet pulp
- rice bran
- soy hulls
using the chart provide by the AVMA, how would you cateogorize Solubility (high, moderate, and low) and fermeability (High, medium and low)
- hemicellulose
- cellulose
- soy hulls
- peanut hulls
Does the following define fiber or non-fiber carbohydrates
- Crude fiber
- total dietary fiber
- neutral detergent fiber
- acid detergent fiber
Fiber
Does the following define fiber or non-fiber carbohydrates
- Nitrogen free extract
(NFE) % = 100 - (%moisture + %CF + %CP + %EE + %Ash)
CF = crude fiber
CP = crude protein
EE = ether extracts
Ash = minerals
non-fiber
Starch is classified as?
Monosaccharide
Disaccaride
Polysaccharide
polysaccharide
Sucrose , maltose, and lactose are classified as?
Monosaccharide
Disaccaride
Polysaccharide
Disaccharide
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are classified as?
Monosaccharide
Disaccaride
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharides
