Exam 2. Chapter 7 Flashcards
Nutrition of bacteria
Macronutrients
Required in large quantities
Proteins and carbs
Micronutrients
Required in small amounts
Trace elements
organic or inorganic
Manganese, Zinc, Nickel, Copper
Organic nutrients
Contain carbon and hydrogen
Carbs, lipids, proteins, methane, nucleic acids
Inorganic nutrients
Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
metals, salts, gases, and water
Growth Factors
Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by the organism
Must be provided as a nutrient
essential amino, vitamins
things that specific organisms might need
Heterotroph
must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms as proteins, carbs, lipids
Autotroph
An organism that uses CO2 an inorganic gas as its carbon source
Chemotroph
gain energy from the breakdown of chemical compounds
Phototrophs
gain energy through photosynthesys
Photoautotrophs
Eukaryote
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Euglena
Chemoautotroph
survive totally on inorganic substances
only in bacteria
methanogens
Methanogens
Archaea
produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions
Chemoheterotroph
eukaryote
saprobe
parasites
Photoheterotroph
bacteria or archaea only
sunlight or organic matter
Active/passive transport
Same as eukaryote cell
Barometric pressure
Barophiles
Survive at really high pressure
at the bottom of the ocean
can’t survive when they come up and exposed to normal atmospheric pressure
Mesophiles
pathogens will usually be mesophiles because that is body temperature
The bottom of ocean organisms would probably not be able ti thrive in our body.
Capnophile
Need CO2
grows best at high carbon dioxide
many pathogens need CO2
Mutualisms
Obligatory
both are dependent on each other for survival
both are benefiting
bacteria in our gut
Commensalism
Commensal member benefits
other membrane neither harmed or benefited
could change because just them being there prevents other orgsanisms from having space to grow. that is helping us to avoid pathogens
SPONCH
Sulfur Phosphorous Oxygen NItrogen Carnon Hydrogen
Biofilm
Form extra polymeric substances put a coating to their outside. it protects them
Quorum sensing
bacteria communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms
Binary fission
parent cells enlarges
duplicate its chromosomes
forms a central transverse septum dividing the cell into two daughter cells
Binary fission
parent cells enlarge & duplicate its chromosomes
forms a septum dividing the cell into two daughter cells
Generation time
The minimum amount of time to grow
doubling time
as short as 20 minutes
from minutes to days
Exponential growth
Each new fission cycle increases by a factor of 2
Population growth curve
population display a predictable pattern over time
Lag phase
The flat period of adjustment
enlargement, little or no grow
length depends on conditions of bacteria and environment
depends on media, longer or shorter period
If we were testing for intestinal organisms (coliform) How happy are intestinal organisms in cold water that were tested in? what if we put them in a harsh media? incubated at a different temperature? EMB?
Organisms can get bigger in size because it’s getting ready to undergo binary fission
Exponential growth phase
Doubling, everything is doubling
generation time
transformation happens here
continues as long as adequate nutrients
Stationary phase
Build up of waste product running out of nutrients No increase in numbers some bacteria die and release nutrients which allows others to grow growth=death
Death phase
A lot more waste build up, 02 is too low endospores forming Mutation organisms that can survive in this environment so, a number of organisms will survive
Viable but not culturable
We should use injury recovering techniques to get these organisms to grow
It is still alive but they won’t grow
injured organisms
we aren’t expecting many of these in milk since milk is a friendly environment
If we put them in a different environment they might grow
Coliforms
Gram-, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobe, rods, ferment lactose with the presence of gas
We test milk for this because it indicates there are feces in the milk, meaning there could be other stuff
intestinal organisms
Survival phase
Genetically different organisms
endospore-forming
viable but not culturable
