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Microbiology > Exam 2. Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Exam 2. Chapter 4 Flashcards

Exam 2 Prokaryotic cell Viruses Helminths

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Cell life

A 
Heredity
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Transport of Nutrients
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2
Q

Living cells parts

A

Cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane
DNA chromosomes
Ribosomes
Metabolic capabilities

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3
Q

Appendages

A

Motility: flagella and axial filaments
Attachment: fimbriae and pili

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4
Q

External structures

A

Flagella
Fimbriae
Pili
Glycocalyx

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5
Q

Cell Envelope

A

Cell wall

Cell membrane

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6
Q

Inside the Cell

A 
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Inclusions
Cytoskeleton
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7
Q

Flagella

A

Filament
Hook
Basal body: how the flagella attach to the cell membrane. The rings at the basal body attach to the cell membrane, through the cell wall. (L-ring, peptidoglycan) and cell membrane

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8
Q

Monotrichous

A

Single flagellum at one end.

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9
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Small tuft from the same site

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10
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Flagella at both ends

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11
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella all over the surface

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12
Q

Amphilophotrichous

A

Tufts at both ends

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13
Q

Periplasmic Flagella

axial filaments

A

Internal flagella in periplasmic flagella
very specific
Only associated with spirochete bacteria with a flexible cell wall
Syphilis, Lyme, Leptospirosis

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14
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fine hair-like bristles
Functions as attachment and protection
Virulence factor

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15
Q

Pili

A

Rigid tubular structure made of protein

Functions to join cells for DNA transfer called conjugation

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16
Q

Glycocalyx

A

External coatings of cell wall made of sugars and proteins.
Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
Attachment during the formation of biofilms as the EPS (extra polymeric substance) hardens
Inhibits killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis, adding to the pathogenicity

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17
Q

Slime Layer

A

All organisms have this

Loosely organized and attached

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18
Q

Capsule

A

Highly organized, tightly attached

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19
Q

Glycocalyx types

A

Slime layer

Capsule

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20
Q

EPS

A

Extra Polymeric Substance
hardens to form biofilms
makes it difficult to penetrate

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21
Q

Cell Envelope

A 
External coverings outside the cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane 
S-layer
It maintains cell integrity
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22
Q

Gram-Positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan and cell membrane

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23
Q

Gram Negative

A

Thin peptidoglycan, outer cell membrane and inner cell membrane.

24
Q

Peptidoglycan

A 
Unique molecule
Only found in bacteria
Primary component 
Highly structured
NAM, NAG, DAP
Without this, it will be difficult to maintain shape
25
Q

NAM
NAG
DAP
and antibiotics

A

NAM: N-acetyl muramic acid
NAG: N-acetyl glucosamine acid
They come together forming a latticework creating the peptidoglycan molecule
They are held by bridges held together by DAP
Helpful to have an antibiotic that targets a molecule that is only found in bacteria.
Penicillin resembles DAP and bacteria cell will take it in and cause it to have a weak cell wall. Organisms are now subject to lysis from changes in osmotic pressure.
Very useful with Gram +

26
Q

Gram + cell wall

A

Mostly peptidoglycan

Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid

27
Q

Gram - cell wall

A 
Thin peptidoglycan layer
Two periplasmic space
Outer membrane 
LPS
Porin proteins in the upper layer to regulate in/out molecules
28
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharides
Endotoxin
May become toxic when releases during infections
A bacteriocidal antibiotic will kill all cells and now we can go into shock from all those endotoxins being released into our body.
Bacteriostatic might be better, it won’t kill it but it will prevent it from growing

29
Q

Mycoplasmas

non-typical cell walls

A

Don’t have a cell wall
Mycoplasma pneumonie: walking pneumonia
Cell membrane stabilized by sterols (cholesterol)
Pleomorphic (irregular shape)

30
Q

Non-typical cell walls

A 
Some lost their cell wall
For example, penicillin caused cell walls to fail but they still continue to grow.
L-form 
Spheroplasts
Protoplast
31
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Gram + cell structure and has a lipid mycolic acid
Acid Fast needed to diagnose
Pathogenicity and a high degree of resistance to certain chemicals and dyes.

32
Q

L-form irregular cell wall

A

L = Lister the Lister institute that found these organisms

It can continue to undergo binary fission and function and continue as if it was normal

33
Q

Protoplast

A

2 meanings
- when talking just about the cell envelope omitting
the cell wall
- In this case, an actual bacteria that normally have a cell wall but lost it

34
Q

S-layer

A

Found in both Gram+ and Gram-
A self-assembling highly structured layer of protein
Common in Archaea since they don’t have peptidoglycan
Sometimes this is the only structure in Archaea

35
Q

S-layer

A

Found in both Gram+ (outside of peptidoglycan) and Gram- (Outside of LPS)
A self-assembling highly structured layer of protein
Common in Archaea since they don’t have peptidoglycan
Sometimes this is the only structure in Archaea

36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A dense gel-like solution of sugar, amino, and salts
70-80% water
Serves as a solvent for materials used in the cell

37
Q

Chromosome

A

Single, circular double-stranded DNA

Contains all genetic information

38
Q

Plasmids

A

Free small circular, double-stranded DNA
Extrachromosomal (not part of it)
Not essential for growth or metabolism
Can provide significant advantages to survival in adverse environments
Influences metabolic diversity,
antibiotic resistance usually found here
Virulence factors influence
Can move in and out from chromosome (epesome)

39
Q

Nucleoid

A

Chromosomes: single, double-stranded circular DNA that contains all genetic info.
Highly coiled

40
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA and protein
The site of protein synthesis
70s

41
Q

Inclusions and Granules

A

Intracellular bodies

Bacteria can use them when environmental sources are depleted

42
Q

Inclusions and Granules

A

Intracellular bodies
Bacteria can use them when environmental sources are depleted
Could have waste products
Very specific to specific bacteria

43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Recently found, it was though that peptidoglycan was the only structural part
Similar to Eukaryotes
Actin filaments common
Help with structure
Peptidoglycan will still be more abundant

44
Q

Order of layer in endospores

A

Core
Cortex
Spore Coats
Exosporium

45
Q

Endospores

A

Other than prions, the most resistant structure
Hand sanitizer won’t work, only water and soap to remove them
Anthrax, food illnesses, Bacillus species

46
Q

Diseases related to endospores

A

Clostridium tetani, botulinum, Anthrax, gangrene
pathogens that are serious and fatal
endospores make it difficult to treat

47
Q

Reasons for Survivability of endospores

A

All the layers may add extra protection
Calcium takes the place of water so it’s dehydrated remaining inactive.
Since it has no water many environments are less harmful. Like high heat, won’t damage the endospore the way it would a regular cell.
Depicolinic acid combines with Calcium and it adds resistant characteristics
Small acid-soluble proteins increase and help condense and protect DNA
Resistant to boiling and ordinary cleaning methods

48
Q

Exosporium

A

Lipids, carbohydrates and proteins

49
Q

Spore Coat

A

Thin protein layers of heavily cross-linked coat proteins

50
Q

Outer Membrane

A

Unknown

51
Q

Cortex

A

Peptidoglycan

52
Q

Core

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes, essential enzymes

53
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Irregular shape

Variation in cell shape and size

54
Q

Palisades

A

A form of pleomorphism

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum

55
Q

Archaea vs Bacteria

A

Archaea do not have peptidoglycan

Flagella is thinner in Archaea

Archaea has Cannulae and Hami

Is very rare for Archaea to have capsule or slime layers while most bacteria do

Archaea shares 3 RNA sequences with Eukarya when bacteria only shares 1

Their cell membrane is monolayer unlike bacteria which have a monolayer

Their ribosomes are 70s like bacteria, however, the structure is different

Microbiology (12 decks)

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