Exam 2 - Chapter 12 Flashcards
Organic or Inorganic have covalent bonds?
organic
Organic or Inorganic have low boiling points?
organic
Organic or Inorganic burn in air?
organic
Organic or Inorganic have high melting points?
inorganic
Organic or Inorganic are water soluble?
inorganic
Organic or Inorganic are soluble in nonpolar solvents?
organic
Organic or Inorganic have ionic bonds?
inorganic
Organic or Inorganic do not burn in air?
inorganic
Alkanes are less dense than water, and mostly unreactive, except that they burn vigorously in air
TRUE
Alkanes are found in natural gas, gasoline, and diesel fuels
True
Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water, and they have low boiling points
true
in combustion, an alkane reacts with oxygen at high temperatures to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy
true
is the most common hexose. • is found in fruits, vegetables, corn syrup, and honey. • is also known as dextrose and blood sugar in the body. • is a building block of the disaccharides sucrose and
lactose and of polysaccharides such as cellulose and
glycogen.
D-Glucose
an aldohexose with the formula C6H12O6,
• is obtained from the disaccharide lactose, found in milk.
• is important in the cellular membranes of the brain and
nervous system.
-cause of galactasemia
D-Galactose
• is a ketohexose with the formula C6H12O6.
• is the sweetest of the carbohydrates, twice as sweet as
sucrose (table sugar).
• is obtained as one of the hydrolysis products of sucrose.
D-Fructose
The most stable forms of pentose and hexose sugars are
Haworth: five- or six-atom rings.
Haworth structures are produced from the reaction of a
carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group in the same molecule.
True
Haworth Alpha
Alpha OH Hydroxyl is below
- a disaccharide also known as malt sugar.
- composed of two D-glucose molecules.
- obtained from the hydrolysis of starch.
- used in cereals, candies, and brewing.
- found in both the α and β forms.
Maltose
Maltose is linked by an _____ glycosidic bond formed from the α —OH on carbon 1 of the first glucose and the —OH on carbon 4 of the second glucose.
α-(1 —> 4)
Lactose is a disaccharide of β-D-galactose and α- or β-D-glucose.
The bond in lactose is a _____glycosidic bond because the —OH group on carbon 1 of β-D-galactose forms a glycosidic bond with the —OH group on carbon 4 of a D-glucose molecule.
β-(1 —> 4)
Sucrose, or table sugar,
• consists of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose.
• has an _____ -glycosidic bond between carbon 1 of
glucose and carbon 2 of fructose.
α,β-(1—> 2)
•cannot form an open chain or be oxidized.
• cannot react with Benedict’s reagent and
is not a reducing sugar. The sugar we use to sweeten our cereal, coffee, or tea is sucrose. Most of the sucrose for table sugar comes from sugar cane (20% by mass) or sugar beets (15% by mass).
Sucrose
• a storage form of glucose in plants, found as insoluble
granules in rice, wheat, potatoes, beans, and cereals.
• composed of two kinds of polysaccharides: amylose and
amylopectin.
Starch is
____ which makes up about 20% of starch, consists of 250 to 4000 α-D-glucose molecules connected by α-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds in a continuous chain. Polymer chains of amylose are coiled in a helical fashion.
Amylose
• makes up as much as 80% of starch. • is a branched-chain polysaccharide.
• contains glucose molecules connected by α-(1 4)- and
α-(1 6)-glycosidic bonds.
Amylopectin
contains glucose molecules connected by α-(1 4)- and
α-(1 6)-glycosidic bonds.
Amylopectin
α-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds in a continuous chain
Amylose (and others)
Starches hydrolyze easily in water and acid to give smaller saccharides, called ____, which then hydrolyze to maltose and finally glucose.
dextrins
In our bodies, these complex carbohydrates
• are digested by the enzymes amylase in saliva and
maltase in the intestines.
• provide about 50% of our nutritional calories from the glucose obtained in digestion.
____ is • a polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and
muscle of animals.
• hydrolyzed in our cells at a rate that maintains the blood
level of glucose and provides energy between meals.
• similar to amylopectin but more highly branched.
The glucose units in glycogen are joined by α-(1 4)- glycosidic bonds, with branches attached by α-(1 6)- glycosidic bonds that occur every 10–15 glucose units.
Glycogen
• similar to amylopectin but more highly branched.
The glucose units in glycogen are joined by α-(1 4)- glycosidic bonds, with branches attached by α-(1 6)- glycosidic bonds that occur every 10–15 glucose units.
Glycogen
_____ the major structural unit of wood and plants,
• is a polysaccharide of glucose units in unbranched
chains with β-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds.
• cannot form hydrogen bonds with water, making it
insoluble in water.
- gives a rigid structure to the cell walls in wood and fiber.
- is more resistant to hydrolysis than are the starches.
- cannot be digested by humans because humans cannot break down β-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds.
Cellulose
• cannot be digested by humans because humans cannot break down β-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds.
Cellulose
Draw Glyceraldehyde (aldotriose), Threose (aldotetrose), Ribose (aldopentose), and Fructose (ketohexose)
proud of you man
Objects such as hands that have nonsuperimposable mirror images are ____
chiral
Objects such as hands that have nonsuperimposable mirror images are ____
chiral
When stereoisomers cannot be superimposed, they are
called ____
enantiomers
Identify the types of glycosidic bonds in each of the following:
A. Cellulose
B. Amylose
Amylopectin
A. Cellulose β-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds
B. Amylose α-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin α-(1 4)- and α-(1 6)-glycosidic bonds
_____ are a type of unbranched polysaccharide that consist of repeating disaccharide units. Each disaccharide unit is composed of one amino sugar molecule and either one uronic acid or one galactose molecule.
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans: Each disaccharide unit is composed of…
…one amino sugar molecule and either one uronic acid or one galactose molecule.
