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Biochemistry Exam 4 > Exam 2 - Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic or Inorganic have covalent bonds?

A

organic

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2
Q

Organic or Inorganic have low boiling points?

A

organic

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3
Q

Organic or Inorganic burn in air?

A

organic

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4
Q

Organic or Inorganic have high melting points?

A

inorganic

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5
Q

Organic or Inorganic are water soluble?

A

inorganic

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6
Q

Organic or Inorganic are soluble in nonpolar solvents?

A

organic

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7
Q

Organic or Inorganic have ionic bonds?

A

inorganic

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8
Q

Organic or Inorganic do not burn in air?

A

inorganic

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9
Q

Alkanes are less dense than water, and mostly unreactive, except that they burn vigorously in air

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Alkanes are found in natural gas, gasoline, and diesel fuels

A

True

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11
Q

Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water, and they have low boiling points

A

true

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12
Q

in combustion, an alkane reacts with oxygen at high temperatures to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy

A

true

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13
Q

is the most common hexose. • is found in fruits, vegetables, corn syrup, and honey. • is also known as dextrose and blood sugar in the body. • is a building block of the disaccharides sucrose and
lactose and of polysaccharides such as cellulose and
glycogen.

A

D-Glucose

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14
Q

an aldohexose with the formula C6H12O6,

• is obtained from the disaccharide lactose, found in milk.

• is important in the cellular membranes of the brain and
nervous system.

-cause of galactasemia

A

D-Galactose

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15
Q

• is a ketohexose with the formula C6H12O6.

• is the sweetest of the carbohydrates, twice as sweet as
sucrose (table sugar).

• is obtained as one of the hydrolysis products of sucrose.

A

D-Fructose

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16
Q

The most stable forms of pentose and hexose sugars are

A

Haworth: five- or six-atom rings.

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17
Q

Haworth structures are produced from the reaction of a

carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group in the same molecule.

A

True

18
Q

Haworth Alpha

A

Alpha OH Hydroxyl is below

19
Q
  • a disaccharide also known as malt sugar.
  • composed of two D-glucose molecules.
  • obtained from the hydrolysis of starch.
  • used in cereals, candies, and brewing.
  • found in both the α and β forms.
A

Maltose

20
Q

Maltose is linked by an _____ glycosidic bond formed from the α —OH on carbon 1 of the first glucose and the —OH on carbon 4 of the second glucose.

A

α-(1 —> 4)

21
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide of β-D-galactose and α- or β-D-glucose.

The bond in lactose is a _____glycosidic bond because the —OH group on carbon 1 of β-D-galactose forms a glycosidic bond with the —OH group on carbon 4 of a D-glucose molecule.

A

β-(1 —> 4)

22
Q

Sucrose, or table sugar,

• consists of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose.

• has an _____ -glycosidic bond between carbon 1 of
glucose and carbon 2 of fructose.

A

α,β-(1—> 2)

23
Q

•cannot form an open chain or be oxidized.

• cannot react with Benedict’s reagent and
is not a reducing sugar. The sugar we use to sweeten our cereal, coffee, or tea is sucrose. Most of the sucrose for table sugar comes from sugar cane (20% by mass) or sugar beets (15% by mass).

A

Sucrose

24
Q

• a storage form of glucose in plants, found as insoluble
granules in rice, wheat, potatoes, beans, and cereals.

• composed of two kinds of polysaccharides: amylose and
amylopectin.

A

Starch is

25
Q

____ which makes up about 20% of starch, consists of 250 to 4000 α-D-glucose molecules connected by α-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds in a continuous chain. Polymer chains of amylose are coiled in a helical fashion.

A

Amylose

26
Q

• makes up as much as 80% of starch. • is a branched-chain polysaccharide.

• contains glucose molecules connected by α-(1 4)- and
α-(1 6)-glycosidic bonds.

A

Amylopectin

27
Q

contains glucose molecules connected by α-(1 4)- and

α-(1 6)-glycosidic bonds.

A

Amylopectin

28
Q

α-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds in a continuous chain

A

Amylose (and others)

29
Q

Starches hydrolyze easily in water and acid to give smaller saccharides, called ____, which then hydrolyze to maltose and finally glucose.

A

dextrins

30
Q

In our bodies, these complex carbohydrates

A

• are digested by the enzymes amylase in saliva and
maltase in the intestines.
• provide about 50% of our nutritional calories from the glucose obtained in digestion.

31
Q

____ is • a polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and
muscle of animals.

• hydrolyzed in our cells at a rate that maintains the blood
level of glucose and provides energy between meals.

• similar to amylopectin but more highly branched.
The glucose units in glycogen are joined by α-(1 4)- glycosidic bonds, with branches attached by α-(1 6)- glycosidic bonds that occur every 10–15 glucose units.

A

Glycogen

32
Q

• similar to amylopectin but more highly branched.
The glucose units in glycogen are joined by α-(1 4)- glycosidic bonds, with branches attached by α-(1 6)- glycosidic bonds that occur every 10–15 glucose units.

A

Glycogen

33
Q

_____ the major structural unit of wood and plants,

• is a polysaccharide of glucose units in unbranched
chains with β-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds.

• cannot form hydrogen bonds with water, making it
insoluble in water.

  • gives a rigid structure to the cell walls in wood and fiber.
  • is more resistant to hydrolysis than are the starches.
  • cannot be digested by humans because humans cannot break down β-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds.
A

Cellulose

34
Q

• cannot be digested by humans because humans cannot break down β-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds.

A

Cellulose

35
Q

Draw Glyceraldehyde (aldotriose), Threose (aldotetrose), Ribose (aldopentose), and Fructose (ketohexose)

A

proud of you man

36
Q

Objects such as hands that have nonsuperimposable mirror images are ____

A

chiral

37
Q

Objects such as hands that have nonsuperimposable mirror images are ____

A

chiral

38
Q

When stereoisomers cannot be superimposed, they are

called ____

A

enantiomers

39
Q

Identify the types of glycosidic bonds in each of the following:

A. Cellulose

B. Amylose
Amylopectin

A

A. Cellulose β-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds

B. Amylose α-(1 4)-glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin α-(1 4)- and α-(1 6)-glycosidic bonds

40
Q

_____ are a type of unbranched polysaccharide that consist of repeating disaccharide units. Each disaccharide unit is composed of one amino sugar molecule and either one uronic acid or one galactose molecule.

A

Glycosaminoglycans

41
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: Each disaccharide unit is composed of…

A

…one amino sugar molecule and either one uronic acid or one galactose molecule.

Biochemistry Exam 4 (19 decks)

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