Ch. 9 Flashcards
a solution is a …..
homogenous mixture that forms when a solute dissolves in a solvent
the solvent is
the substance that is present in the greater amount
solvents and solutes can be
solids, liquids, or gasses. The solution IS the same physical state as the solvent
like dissolves like means….
a polar solute is soluble in a polar solvent; a non polar solute is soluble in non polar solvent
water molecules form hydrogen bonds because…
the partial positive charge of the hydrogen in one molecule is attracted to the partial negative charge of oxygen in another water molecule
an ionic solute dissolves in water, a polar solvent, because….
the polar water molecules attract and pull the positive and negative ions into solution. In solution, water molecules surround the ions in a process called hydration
hydration?
water molecules surrounding ions and pulling apart their negative and positive ions
electrolytes conduct an electrical current because
they produce ions in aqueous solutions
strong electrolytes are _____ dissociated into ions, whereas weak electrolytes are _____ dissociated into ions
completely;
partially
nonelectrolytes do not form ions in solution but
dissolve as molecules
ions are measured as equivalents (Eq), which is the amount of the ion that is equal to
1 mole of positive or negative electrical charge
a substance that dissociates as molecules, not ions, when it dissolves in water
non electrolyte
the substance that comprises the lesser amount in a solution
solute
a solute that dissociates 100% into ions in solution
strong electrolyte
the substance that comprises the greater amount in a solution
solvent
a homogenous mixture of at least two component called a solute and a solvent
solution
the amount of positive or negative ion that supplies 1 mole of electrical charge
equivalent
the amount of solute that dissolves depends on the…
nature of the solute and solvent
describes the max amount of a solute that dissolves in 100. g of solvent at a given temperature
solubility
contains the max amount of dissolved solute at a certain temperature, whereas an unsaturated contains less than this amount
a saturated solution
increases the solubility of most solids, but decreases the solubility of gases in water
an increase in temperature
states that the solubility of gases in liquids is directly related to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid
Henry’s law
describe the kinds of ionic combinations that are soluble or insoluble in water
the solubility rules
mass percent (m/m) =
mass of solute / mass of solution X 100%
a _____ expresses the ratio of the mass of solute to the mass of solution multiplied by 100%. Mass units must be the same such as grams of solute/grams of solution x 100%
mass percent (m/m)
the concentration of a solution is the relationship between the amount of solute to solution
true
a _______ expresses the ratio of the volume of solute to volume of solution multiplied by 100%
volume percent (v/v)
volume percent (v/v) =
volume of solute / volume of solution x 100%
A ______ expresses the ratio of the mass of solute to the volume of solution multiplied by 100% (g/mL)
mass/volume percent (m/v)
mass/volume percent (m/v) =
grams of solute / mL of solution x 100%
concentration term that indicates number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 L (1000 mL) of solution
Molarity (M)
Molarity (M) =
moles of solute / liters of solution
the numbers of moles of solute in 1 L of solution
molarity
the amount of solute dissolved in certain amounts of solution
concentration
a solution containing the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temp
saturated
a solution with less than the max amount of solute that can dissolve
unsaturated
the concentration of a solution in terms of mass of solute in 100. g of solution
mass percent (m/m)
the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in 100. g of solvent at a given temperature
solubility
mixing a solution with solvent to obtain a solution with a lower concentration
dilution
for dilutions, use the expression _____ and solve for the unknown value
C1V1 = C2V2
semipermeable membrane
allows smaller particles, not larger like in a colloid solution
colloidal particles are
large molecules, such as proteins, or groups of molecules or ions
colloids similar to solutions are homogenous mixtures that….
do not separate or settle out
are composed of large particles that settle out of a solution
suspensions
a solute added to water decreases the ___
decreases the _____
and increases the ____
increases the ___
vapor pressure (decreases) freezing point (decreases) boiling point (increases) osmotic pressure (increases)
Vaping Free Body Odor
the pressure that prevents the flow of water into a more concentrate solution
osmotic pressure
____ solutions have osmotic pressures equal to that of body fluids
lower
higher
isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic
in ____, water and small solute particles can pass through a dialyzing membrane, while larger particles such as blood cells cannot
dialysis
the solute consists of single atoms, ions, or small molecules
solution
settles out with gravity
suspension
retained by filters
suspension
cannot pass through a membrane
colloid; suspension
contains large particles that are visible
suspension
used to describe the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
solubility
usually expressed in grams of solute in 100. g of solvent, is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a certain temperature
solubility
if a solute dissolves when added to a solvent, the solvent obviously does not or did not have the max amount of solute
unsaturated
a solution that contains all the solute that can dissolve
saturated
the reaction of solute + solvent —> saturated solution
how about the other way?
solute dissolves
solute recrystallizes
the reaction of solute + solvent
solute recrystallizes
solute dissolves
explain dissolving vs recrystallizing
well done hero
when a saturated solution is carefully cooled, it becomes
a supersaturated solution (contains more solute than solubility allows)
what happens if you agitate a supersaturated solution or add a crystal solute?
the excess solute recrystallizes to give a saturated solution again
what happens to the solubility of a gas in water as you increase temperature?
the solubility decrease as temperature increases (the gas escapes the water solution)
states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of the gas above that liquid
Henry’s law
when the pressure of a gas above a solution decreases, the solubility of that gas in the solution
also decreases
the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solution
concentration
in a solution going from what to what causes a dissociation vs a recombination reaction?
the forward and reverse reactions of molecules to ions and back again i.e. the dissociation of a compound in water and the charges must balance. Used for electrolytes (9.2)
a filter can be used to separate a suspension, but a semipermeable membrane must be used to separate a
colloid
mass percent =?
mass of solute / (mass of solute + mass of solvent) x 100
OR written
mass of solute / (mass of solution) x 100
volume percent = ?
volume of solute / (volume of solute + volume of solvent) x 100
OR written
volume of solute / (volume of solution) x 100
mass / volume percent (m/v) = ?
grams of solute (mL of SOLUTION) x 100
Molarity (M) = ?
moles of solute / Liters of solution
an equivalent (Eq) is the amount of an electrolyte or an ion that provides….
1 moles of electrical charge
Na1+= 1 Eq Ca2+ = 2 Eq
Equivalents of electrolytes the charge of the positive ions is
always balanced by the charge of the negative ions
the concentrations of electrolytes in IV fluids are expressed in…
mEq/L
concentration of electrolytes = ?
mEq/L
remember in blood plasma typical concentrations of electrolytes have a…
charge balance
total number of positive charges is equal to the number of negative charges
