Ch. 4 Flashcards
The periodic table organizes 118 elements into groups with similar properties and places them in order of increasing ____ ____.
atomic mass
Group 1A
Alkali metals
Group 2A
Alkali Earth metals
Group 3 - 12
Transition elements
Group 8A
noble gases
Group 7A
Halogens
B diagonal down to At; down to TS and up diagonal to Ge
Metalloids
Letter A is for
representative elements
Letter B is for
transition elements
- shiny and ductile (conduct heat and electricity)
- are solids (except Hg mercury)
metals
- dull, brittle, and poor conductors, but good insulators
- low densities and melting points
non metals
- have properties of metals and nonmetals
- are better conductors than nonmetals
- are used as semiconductors and insulators, because they can be modified
metalloids
Densities and melting points are higher for
metals
four major elements of the human body that make up 96% of our mass
C, N, O, H
most of our hydrogen and oxygen is found as
water; which makes up 55-60% of our mass
Ca, P, K, Cl, S, Na, and Mg
Macrominerals
the Macrominerals
Ca, P, K, Cl, S, Na, and Mg
- the formation of bones and teeth.
- maintenance of heart and blood vessels, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and acid–base balance of body fluids.
- regulation of cellular metabolism.
Macrominerals
of all the elements, ___ are essential for the well-being and survival of the human body
20
all atoms of an element have the same number of protons and the same _____ _____
atomic number
For neutral atoms, the net charge is zero…. so, __ = ___
number of protons = number of electrons
• represents the number of particles in the nucleus.
• is equal to the number of protons + the number of
neutrons.
• is always a whole number.
• the mass of a single atom does not appear in the periodic table.
The mass number
only element without a neutron?
hydrogen (atomic # and mass # = 1)
Number of protons =
atomic number
Number of protons + neutrons =
mass number
The energy of an electron is quantized—
electrons can have only specific energy values.
• Electrons with the same energy are grouped in the
same energy level.
• Energy levels are assigned values called principal quantum numbers (n), (n = 1, n = 2, …).
The order of sublevels in an energy level is
s - p - d - f
The number of sublevels in an energy level is equal to
the _________ of that energy level.
principal quantum number n
n=1
s sublevel only
n=2
s + p
n=3
s+p+d
pauli exlusion principle states that
• each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.
• electrons in the same orbital repel each other.
• electrons in the same orbital must have their magnetic
spins cancel (they must spin in opposite directions).
• Each s sublevel has one orbital and can hold a maximum of
two electrons.
• Each p sublevel has three orbitals and can hold a
maximum of
six electrons.
• Each d sublevel has five orbitals and can hold a
maximum of
10 electrons.
• Each f sublevel has 7 orbitals and can hold a maximum
of
14 electrons.
Atomic size increases?
Down and Left
_____ are the electrons in the outermost
energy level.
Valence electrons
electrons in the D or f sub level are not….
valence electrons
atomic size is determined by ____ ___, the distance between the nucleus and the ______
atomic radius; outermost electrons.
why does atomic size decrease down the period?
increased number of protons in the nucleus.
_____ is the energy required to remove one of the outermost electrons.
Ionization energy
As the distance from the nucleus to the valence
electrons increases, the ionization energy _____
decreases
the ionization energy is ____ for metals and ___ for the nonmetals
low; high
ionization energy increases
up and right
An element with ____ _____ is one that loses valence electrons easily.
metallic character
An element with ____ _____ is one that loses valence electrons easily.
metallic character
metallic character ____ down a group
increases (electrons are farther from the group)
Metallic character increases
down and left
n=4
s+p+d+f
an element with little or no luster that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity
nonmetal
an element that is shiny, malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity
metal
group number 3 - 12
transition element
an arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number
periodic table
a one or two letter abbreviation that represents the name of an element
chemical signal
the number of protons in a given element
atomic number
the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
neutral atom
the total number of protons and neutrons
mass number
indicates the energy levels
principal quantum numbers (n)
contain electrons of similar energies, and increase in order of energy (n = 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 )
principal quantum numbers
region around the nucleus in which an electron with a specific energy is most likely to be found. Hint: Each ____ holds a maximum of two electrons
orbital
a _ orbital is spherical
s
a _ orbital has two lobes along the axis
p
complex shapes for orbitals
d and f
the group number of a representative element gives
the number of valence electrons in the atoms of that group
a list of the number of electrons in each sublevel within an atom, arranged by increasing energy
electron configuration
contains electrons of identical energy
sublevel
the measure of how easily an element loses a valence electron
ionization energy
the electrons in the highest energy level of an atom
valence electrons
a region around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found
orbital
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms
- All atoms of a given element are the same and different from atoms of other elements
- Atoms of two or more different elements combine to form compounds. A particular compound is always made up of the same kinds of atoms and the same number of each kind of atom.
- A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement, separation, or combination of atoms. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
smallest particle that retains the characteristics of an element
atom
masses of about 1 amu, are found in the nucleus
protons and neutrons
masses of electrons compared to protons and neutrons
electron masses are much smaller
Is most of the mass inside or outside the nucleus?
Inside
