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Anatomy 220 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

agonists

A

prime movers, supination to flexion

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2
Q

antagonists

A

ex: triceps brachii

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3
Q

Synergist

A

helps the agonist, synergizes movement

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4
Q

Fixator

A

fixating joint that is proximal to joint you are moving at ex: deltoid, rhomboid

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5
Q

organizations of fasicles

A

parellel, circular, convergent

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6
Q

pennate:

A

short fibers are obliquely attached to tendon providing tension or force

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7
Q

unipennate

A

one pennation angle along fascicles

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8
Q

bipennate

A

long axis in middle 2 sides of pennation

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9
Q

multipennate

A

many pennations at different longitudinal axis

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10
Q

flexion

A

decrease angle

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11
Q

extension

A

increase angle

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12
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline of body

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13
Q

adduction

A

movement towards midline of body

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14
Q

circumduction

A

combination of extension flexion abduction and adduction, moving in a circle

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15
Q

lateral rotation / medial rotation

A

pivoting along a long axis ex: in humerus

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16
Q

pronation / supination

A

involves forearm,
pronation = palms down
supination=palms up

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17
Q

dorsiflexion / plantar flexion

A

specific to ankle joint
bring dorsum towards leg
plantar = going on tip toes

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18
Q

inversion / eversion

A

specific to ankle joint
inversion: bring sole toward midline
eversion = bring sole of foot away from midline

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19
Q

protraction / retraction

A

specific to mandible but can occur in other parts

protraction: bringing mandible out
retraction: bringing it back in

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20
Q

depression / elevation

A

specific to mandible
depression: bringing jaw down
elevation= bringing jaw up

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21
Q

opposition / reposition

A

opposition bringing thumb and index finger together

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22
Q

muscles of mastication

A

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

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23
Q

biceps brachii

A

origin: supraglenoid tubercle, coracoid process
insertion: radial tuberosity
help flex elbow joint

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24
Q

Brachialis

A

help flex elbow joint

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25
Q

brachioradialis

A

help flex elbow joint

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26
Q

triceps brachii

A

origin: infraglenoid tubercle, posterior shaft of humerus
insertion: olecranon process

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27
Q

Muscles acting at the elbow

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii, anconeus

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28
Q

Rotator cuff muscle

A

lateral rotators of humerus
abductor of the humerus
medial rotator of the humerus

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29
Q

lateral rotators of humerus

A

infraspinatus, teres major

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30
Q

abductor of humerus

A

supraspinatus: abductor

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31
Q

medial rotator of humerus

A

subscapularis

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32
Q

Muscles acting at the shoulder

A

should adductors / flexors, shoulder adductors, shoulder abductor,

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33
Q

shoulder adductors/flexors

A

bring limb toward midline, anterior to shoulder joint
coracobrachialis
pectoralis major

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34
Q

Shoulder adductors

A

extensors, posterior to shoulder joint, teres major latissimus dorsi

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35
Q

shoulder abductor

A

can also flex and extend the shoulder, deltoid helps the supraspinatus muscle with flexion, 3 bellies can help with flexion and extension of shoulder joint

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36
Q

Muscles acting at knee

A

knee extensors, knee flexors

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37
Q

knee extensors

A 
common insertion: tibial tuberosity
help with extension 
Vastus lateralis 
Vastus medialis 
Rectus femoris 
Vastus intermedius
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38
Q

Knee flexors

A 
Common origin: ischial tuberosity 
Hamstrings made of 3 muscles 
Biceps femoris 
Semimembranosus 
Semitendinosus (more posterior)
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39
Q

Muscles acting at the hip

A

hip adductors, hip abductors, hip flexors, hip extensors

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40
Q

hip adductors

A 
Adductor longus 
Pectineus 
Adductor brevis 
Adductor magnus 
Gracilis
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41
Q

Hip abductors

A

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

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42
Q

hip flexors

A

iliopsoas (psoas major and iliacus)

rectus femoris

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43
Q

hip extensors

A

Gluetus maximus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris (long head)
Semimembranosus

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44
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Inherited group of muscle disorders

Skeletal muscle degenerates and is replaced by adipose and fibrous connective tissue

Most common and serious form is Duchenne muscular dystrophy

– X-linked recessive gene

– 1 in 3500 births, mostly male

– Lacks protein called dystrophin

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45
Q

basic properties of muscular tissue

A

Excitability: electrical impulses sent to the muscle cell, and muscle cells respond to the stimulus

Contractility: once stimulated its able to shorten or contract

Elasticity: when stretched or lengthened, it will go back to original shape and length

Extensibility: lengthening of the muscle

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46
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A

Found in heart myocardium

“Y” shaped or branched fibers

Uninucleate or binucleate

Intercalated discs (where gap junctions are, and desmosomes make up disk) Desmosomes hold cells together, gap junctions allow things to pass through

Striated

Auto-rhythmic: can contract without stimulus of nervous system (this ability comes from intercalated discs)

Involuntary

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47
Q

Smooth muscle

A 
Found in walls of visceral organs, GI tract 
Fusiform shape (football)  
Uninucleate 
No striations 
Fatigue resistant 
Involuntary
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48
Q

skeletal muscle

A 
Large cylindrical shape 
Multinucleated : (myoblast in embryonic development fuse together and nuclei remain intact and now they are one cell) 
Formed from the fusion of myoblasts 
Innervated at neuromuscular junctions 
Long cylindrical  
Striated 
Voluntary

Vascular

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49
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement

Maintenance of posture

Temperature regulation

Storage and movement of materials

Support abdominal organs

Joint stabilization

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50
Q

endomysium

A

wraps muscle cells (muscle fibers)

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51
Q

perimysium

A

wraps fascicles

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52
Q

epimysium

A

wraps entire muscles

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53
Q

deep fascia

A

wraps muscle group

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54
Q

tendon

A

attach muscle to bone

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55
Q

muscle cells (fibers)

A

smallest unit make up muscle fascicles

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56
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of muscle fibers, make up entire organs

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57
Q

blood vessels

A

provide nourishment oxygen delivery and waste removal to the skeletal and other muscles

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58
Q

nerves

A

attaches to muscles at neuromuscular junction

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59
Q

aponeurosis

A

flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone

60
Q

origin

A

less moveable attachment site

61
Q

insertion

A

moveable attachment site

62
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

site where a motor neuron meets a muscle cell and innervates the muscle

63
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of of the muscle fiber

64
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm

65
Q

T-tubules

A

extension of the sarcolemma surrounding myofibril

66
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

endoplasmic reticulum for muscle cells stores, releases, and retrieves calcium ions

67
Q

terminal cisternae

A

portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is near T-tubules, releases calcium

68
Q

myofibrils:

A

tubelike structure in muscle cell, Chains of sarcomeres are linked together runs the entire length of the muscle fiber and attaches to the sarcolemma Contains thick and thin filaments, functional unit of contraction

69
Q

sarcomeres

A

functional unit of cell, (where contraction and relaxation take place, contain filaments within them (thick filaments, and thin actin filaments), defined by Z-disk borders (edges) end of one sarcomere and beginning of next

Thick: myosin filament, myosin head

Thin: actin filament, actin binding site

M-line: middle line of sarcomere

When binding occurs the Z-discs move closer to the M-line

70
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

71
Q

thin filament

A

actin

72
Q

troponin

A

lock keeps tropomyosin to binding sites

73
Q

tropomyosin

A

chain that blocks actin binding sites

74
Q

motor end plate

A

specific part of sarcolemma

75
Q

Ach

A

acetyl choline is a neurotransmitter released from the synapse (synaptic vesicle), to initiate muscle contraction

76
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Death is not an event but a process

Tissues continue to live after the brain, heart and lungs fail

A few hours after death, ATP runs out

Myosin cannot detach from actin

Calcium cannot be taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum

This leads to the continual muscle contraction of rigor mortis

After 15-24 hours the myofibrils begin to deteriorate allowing muscles to relax

77
Q

tetanus

A

Caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani

Excessive muscle contraction

78
Q

botulism

A

Caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

Muscular paralysis

Botox

79
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

-brain and spinal cord

80
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

ganglion nerve

81
Q

afferent

A

information being carried towards

arrive, neurons grouped together neuronal network, sensory, dorsal root ganglion

82
Q

efferent

A

information being carried away
motor
ventral root

83
Q

sensation

A

sensory receptors detect stimuli afferent information sent to CNS
includes: special senses, somatic senses, visceral senses

84
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance / equilibrium

85
Q

somatic senses

A

information from skin joints and skeletal muscles

86
Q

visceral senses

A

information from internal organs and blood vessels

87
Q

Response (motor)

A

efferent information leaves CNS effectors (muscles or glands) respond
includes somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

88
Q

somatic nervous system

A

“voluntary” innervates skeletal muscle

89
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

“involuntary” innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

90
Q

neurons

A

excitable functional cells that transmit nerve impulses

91
Q

glial cells

A

non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons, in both central and peripheral nervous system

92
Q

dendrites

A

take information to the cell body

93
Q

cell body (soma)

A

the cell body contains the nucleus and most of the major organelles

94
Q

axon hillock

A

most proximal part of axon where electrical impulse travels

95
Q

axon

A

a fiber that emerges from the cell body and projects to target cells. That single axon can branch repeatedly to carry nerve impulses to many target cells

96
Q

myelin sheath

A

made from glial cells, myelin acts as insulation much like the plastic or rubber that is used to insulate electrical wires. a key difference between myelin and the insulation on a wire is that there are gaps in the myelin covering of an axon

97
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

type of glial cell produces myelin sheath

98
Q

synapses

A

neuron-neuron contact

99
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gap between myelin sheets important to the way that electrical signals travel down the axon

100
Q

Axon terminals

A

make the connections with target cells at synapses

101
Q

astrocytes

A

control ionic external environment induce formation of the blood brain barrier,

102
Q

Myelin

A

fatty substance made up of cells
structure: made by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
white fatty coating around axons
helps produce nodes of Ranvier
function: supports protects and insulates axon increases speed of conduction

103
Q

Gray matter

A

contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites nuclei, cell body and dendrytes

104
Q

white matter

A

contains neuron axons and myelin sheaths axons surrounded by myelin

105
Q

ganglia

A

where neuron cell bodies and dendrites are found in the PNS

106
Q

nerves

A

neuron axons found here in the PNS

107
Q

sensory neurons

A

send information to CNS afferent

108
Q

motor neurons

A

sends information away from CNS in PNS

109
Q

Nerve differences than neurons

A

cable like bundles of axons in the PNS
endoneurium wraps individual axons made up of connective tissue
perineurium: wraps axon fascicles
epineurium: wraps entire nerves

110
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

Patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord destroyed

Autoimmune disease

Symptoms: blindness, weakness, numbness

111
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain
Symptoms: Memory loss, depression, disorientation
Associated with abnormal protein aggregates: Intracellular tau tangles Extracellular amyloid plaques

112
Q

peripheral nerve regeneration

A

Body’s ability to repair itself, if we sever a nerve we can regrow it

Shwann cells help with this

Examples: arm falling asleep, severing nerve,

113
Q

Anencephaly

A

Disorder at the cranial end of the neural tube

Substantial or complete absence of a brain

Infants rarely live longer than a few hours following birth

Usually detected with prenatal ultrasound

114
Q

spina bifida

A

Disorder at the caudal end of the neural tube
Vertebral arch is not fully formed
May be mild (occulta) or severe (meningocele or myelomeningocele)
Sufficient dietary folic acid prevents spina bifida
Types: spina bifida occulta (least severe), meningocele, myelomeningocele (most severe)

115
Q

meninges

A

Structure
Connective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Dura, arachnoid, and pia maters
Function
Separate brain from skull
Enclose and protect blood vessels supplying brain
Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

116
Q

Cerebral Spinal fluid

A 
Functions
Buoyancy
Protection (cushion)
Environmental stability
Location and Composition
Produced in the choroid plexus
Clear, colorless fluid
Circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space surrounding the CNS
117
Q

hydrocephalus

A 
Definition:  Excessive CSF 
Causes:
Obstruction of CSF flow 
Overproduction of CSF
Impaired drainage of CSF
Treatments:
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy
118
Q

cerebrum

A

Location of conscious thought processes and complex intellectual functions
Two hemispheres (connected by the corpus callosum)
Gyri and sulci increase the surface area (more cortex)
Gray matter and white matter

119
Q

Lobes of Cerebrum

A

Frontal lobe: Decision making, personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
Parietal lobe: Sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech
Temporal lobe: Auditory and olfactory experience
Occipital lobe: Vision
Insula: Taste

120
Q

Cerebellum

A

Functions
Fine-tunes, smoothens and coordinates muscle movements
Balance/equilibrium

121
Q

brain stem

A

Bidirectional passageway between cerebrum and spinal cord
Contains many autonomic and reflex centers essential for survival
Point of attachment for cranial nerves

122
Q

Medulla

A 
Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center
Reflexes
Coughing, sneezing, gagging, vomiting etc.
123
Q

Limbic System

A

“Emotional brain”

Involved in emotion, memory and motivation

124
Q

Dermatomes

A 
A specific
segment of skin
supplied by a
single pair of
spinal nerves
125
Q

nerve plexuses

A 
• Networks of
interweaving spinal
nerves
• Split into multiple
“named” nerves that
innervate various
body structures
• Principal plexuses
– Cervical
– Brachial
– Lumbar
– Sacral
126
Q

Cervical plexus

A 
• Spinal nerves C1-C4
• Innervates the
anterior neck and
parts of the head
and shoulder
• The phrenic nerve
innervates the
diaphragm
127
Q

brachial plexus

A

Spinal nerves C5-T1
• Innervates the pectoral
girdle and upper limb

128
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A 
Lumbar Plexus
• Spinal nerves L1-L4
• Innervates the anterior
and medial thigh Sacral Plexus
• Spinal nerves L4-S4
• Innervates all of the
lower limb except the
anterior/medial thigh
129
Q

monosynaptic reflexes

A 
The simplest of all
reflexes
• The stretch reflex
is an example
(patellar or knee-jerk
reflex)
130
Q

polysynaptic reflexes

A 
More complex
neural pathway
• Includes
interneurons
• The withdrawal
reflex is an
example
131
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • One motor neuron to target

- Innervates skeletal muscle

132
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • Chain of two motor neurons to target
  • Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
  • Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & glands
  • Divided into sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions
133
Q

sympathetic divisions

A

Preganglionic axons synapse in sympathetic ganglia
• Sympathetic ganglia are near the CNS and vertebral column
(called sympathetic chain ganglia and prevertebral ganglia) Functions
• “Fight or Flight”
• Activated in emergency
situations and when
excited or stressed
Exit from CNS
• Thoracic and lumbar
spinal cord

134
Q

parasympathetic division

A

• Preganglionic axons synapse in parasympathetic ganglia
• Parasympathetic ganglia are near or within the target organ
(called terminal or intramural ganglia) Functions
• “Rest and Digest”
• Conserves energy and
replenishes energy stores
Exit from CNS:
• Brainstem (CN III,VII,IX,X)
• Sacral spinal cord

135
Q

Enteric Nervous system

A 
• Large network of
neurons in the wall of the
digestive tract (contains
as many neurons as the
spinal cord)
• Functions to
automatically control
digestive system
functions
• Can be influenced by the
ANS, but can also
operate independently of
the brain and spinal cord
136
Q

General Senses

A

(temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure)

137
Q

special senses

A

(gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition)

138
Q

endocrine glands

A

are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, slow effect, long term

139
Q

hormones

A

are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream - initiate specific actions in target cells (cells that have receptors for the hormone

140
Q

tropic hormones

A

Hormones that affect the release of other hormones

Ex. Gonadotropins (LH and FSH) are hormones that affect the release of sex hormones from the gonads

141
Q

endocrine system

A

acts using hormones

can affect any cell in the body (target cells have hormone receptors)

has widespread effects

has slower but longer lasting responses
more long lasting, slower

142
Q

amine hormone

A

modified amino acid ex: norepinephrine

143
Q

peptide hormone

A

short chains of linked amino acid ex: oxytocin uterus contraction milk ejection

144
Q

protein hormone

A

long chains of linked amino acids ex: growth hormone

145
Q

steroid hormone

A

derived from the lipid cholesterol ex: testosterone and progesterone hydrophobic

Anatomy 220 (17 decks)

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