#21 Lower Digestive System

Question 1

functions of small intestine

Answer 1

Majority of chemical digestion occurs here

Digestive enzymes from pancreas

Bile from liver emulsifies (breaks down) fat so it can be chemically digested as well as protein and carbohydrates so we can absorb nutrients

Nutrient absorption

Question 2

circular folds small intestine

Answer 2

plicae circulares (larger structure made up of Villi)

Act as speed bumps, can slow propulsion of food material

Question 3

duodenum

Answer 3

begins at pyloric sphincter, extends to jejunem

Major duodenal papilla entrance of common bile duct

10-12 inches in length

Question 4

Villi

Answer 4

2 Villi, domed structures, lined by simple columnar epithelia

Covered with simple columnar epithelium

Blood vessels and lacteals found internally

Goblet cells line epithelial with mucous

Intestinal crypt: at bottom of space between villi, filled with fluid secreted by cells within it that produce enzymes, ions. Helps with digestion and keeps material moist

Question 5

microvilli

Answer 5

On apical surface of villar cells

Called the brush border

Contain brush border enzyme

Tethers enzymes to it

Increases surface area

Contain lacteals that allow the passage of fatty material that has been absorbed

Question 6

functions of large intestine

Answer 6

Absorbs water and electrolytes

Forces feces toward rectum

Question 7

rectal valves

Answer 7

Transverse folds

Separate feces from gas

Question 8

internal anal sphincter

Answer 8

Smooth muscle

Involuntary

Question 9

external anal sphincter

Answer 9

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary

Question 10

anal sinuses

Answer 10

Produce mucus to lubricate anal canal to help with defecation

Question 11

exocrine functions of the pancreas

Answer 11

acinar cells produce digestive enzymes and secrete them through pancreatic ducts

Question 12

endocrine functions of pancreas

Answer 12

pancreatic islets produce the hormones insulin and glucagon

Question 13

hepatocytes (part of hepatic lobule)

Answer 13

individual cells that form and make up lobule

Question 14

sinusoids

Answer 14

part of hepatic lobule capillaries picks up proteins like albumin and globulin and carries them to central vein

Question 15

bile canaliculi and ducts

Answer 15

part of hepatic lobule takes bile away from central vein and to bile ducts that go to hepatic duct and then to cystic duct

Question 16

gallbladder function

Answer 16

Stores and concentrates bile

Question 17

biliary tract function

Answer 17

carries bile to the duodenum (formed by right and left hepatic ducts )

Question 18

peritoneal cavity

Answer 18

lined by serous membranes

Question 19

intraperitoneal organs

Answer 19

stomach

Jejunum and ileum

Transverse and sigmoid colon

Appendix

Liver

Spleen

Question 20

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 20

Most of the duodenum

Ascending and descending colon

Rectum

Pancreas

kidneys

Question 21

mesenteries

Answer 21

Double layer folds of the peritoneum that suspend and support intraperitoneal organs

Include the:

greater omentum

Lesser omentum

Mesentery proper attaches small intestine to body wall

Mesocolon

Question 22

hernias

Answer 22

Movement of small intestine out of normal place and into other parts of body

Question 23

inguinal hernia

Answer 23

Intestines push through inguinal canal

More common in males

Question 24

femoral hernia

Answer 24

intestines push through the femoral triangle

more common in females

Question 25

hiatal hernia

Answer 25

stomach pushes through the esophageal hiatus

Question 26

umbilical hernia

Answer 26

intestines push through the rectus abdominis

Question 27

appendicitis

Answer 27

Fecal matter obstructs the appendix

it swells and bursts if untreated

Question 28

intestinal obstruction

Answer 28

Any hindrance to movement of chyme or feces through the intestine

Question 29

inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 29

Periodic inflammation of intestinal wall

Symptoms include cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding

Question 30

colorectal cancer

Answer 30

Second most common cancer

Colonoscopy

Question 31

liver cirrhosis

Answer 31

Liver cells are destroyed and replaced by connective tissue

Most commonly caused by alcoholism

Results in jaundice (yellowing of skin) and toxin buildup in blood

Treatment is a liver transplant

Question 32

viral hepatitis

Answer 32

Inflammation of liver

Flu-like symptoms and jaundice

Question 33

gallstones

Answer 33

Crystallization of cholesterol or calcium and bile salts

Question 34

peritonitis

Answer 34

Inflammation of the peritoneum