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Anatomy 220 > #15 Blood > Flashcards

#15 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

functions of blood

A

Transportation, regulation, defense

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2
Q

transportation

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Nutrients, hormones, and waste products

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3
Q

regulation

A

Absorbs heat and distributes throughout the body

Regulates body pH and fluid levels

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4
Q

defense

A

Protects from infection –
Transports infection-fighting antibodies
Forms blood clots

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5
Q

composition of blood

A 
Plasma = 55% 
Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets less than1%) 
Erythrocytes = 44% of whole blood
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6
Q

Hematocrit definition and typical values

A

percentage of blood volume made of red blood cells
Males 42-52% (average of 47%),

Females 37-47% (average of 41%)

Can vary with hormone changes and altitude

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7
Q

Composition of Plasma

A

plasma: (least dense yellow layer)

Water: 92% by weight (acts as solvent)

Proteins: 7% by weight

Include albumins: transporters of hormone

Globulin (transporters and antibodies)

Fibrinogen Helps form blood clots

regulatory proteins (such as hormones)

Other solutes:

Electrolytes ex: sodium potassium

Nutrients ex: glucose

Respiratory gases ex: oxygen carbon dioxide

Waste products ex: ammonia, urea

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8
Q

erythrocytes

A

Small biconcave discs

Allows gases to be loaded and unloaded efficiently increases surface area

Filled with Hemoglobin

Transport O2 and some CO2

Thousands within red blood cell

No nucleus

No nucleus or organelles

RBCs line up in single file and bend/fold as they pass through small vessels

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9
Q

leukocytes

A

Contained in the plasma of the blood

Larger than erythrocytes

Contain nucleus and organelles

Initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens

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10
Q

diapedesis or emigration

A
  • WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues
  • squeezing through process

Ability to emigrate out of blood and into tissue

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11
Q

chemotaxis

A
  • WBCs are attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells
  • ability to migrate toward certain chemicals
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12
Q

granulocytes

A

Neutrophils: phagocytizes pathogens (engulf pathogen / bacteria eat it / get rid of it)

Eosinophils: destroys parasites and important in allergies (secrete chemicals to kill parasites)

Basophils: promotes inflammation by releasing histamine (causes inflammatory response to occur ex: runny nose / sneezing and heparin (helps thin the blood)

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13
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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14
Q

monocytes

A

exits bloodstream becomes a macrophage, can leave blood vessel through diapedesis.

In blood = monocyte in tissue = macrophage. Will surround bacteria and eat it phagocytizes pathogens and debris

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15
Q

lymphocytes

A

3 types

T cells,

B cells,

Natural killer cells

Resides in lymphatic tissue Coordinates immune response

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16
Q

platelets

A

Cell fragments of megakaryocytes

Platelets live for 8 to 10 days

Assist in blood clotting

17
Q

Blood clot

A

“Platelet plug forms and traps red blood cells that fills hole of blood vessel

fibrin (from fibrinogen): formed by strands of protein in the blood, help form blood clot

Platelets

Trapped erythrocytes

18
Q

polycythemia

A

Too many erythrocytes in the blood

Increases viscosity of blood placing strain on the heart

19
Q

Anemia

A

Low levels of RBCs or hemoglobin leads to low blood O2 levels

Three major types

Blood loss anemias

Decreased production of RBCs ex: iron deficiency anemia

Excessive destruction of RBCs ex: sickle cell anemia

20
Q

leukocyotosis

A

High WBC count

Infection, inflammation extreme stress

Normal range WBC is 5,000-10,000 per microliter

21
Q

leukopenia

A

Low WBC count

Certain types of viral or bacterial infections

22
Q

leukemia

A

Cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow

Proliferation of abnormal leukocytes

Cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of erythrocytes and platelets causing anemia and bleeding

Proliferation of cancerous white blood cells in bone marrow

23
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

Results from damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia or overactive spleen

24
Q

hemophilia

A

Lack of clotting factors in plasma

Usually acquired genetically

25
Q

blood doping

A

Athlete donates RBCs to himself

A unit of blood is removed and stored

Body replaces this lost blood

Unit of blood is injected back into body, increasing the hematocrit

Blood doping can also be done with EPO – EPO (Erythropoietin) increases RBC production

Thought to favorably affect muscle performance

Dangerous because of increased blood viscosity

26
Q

hematopoiesis

A

is the production of blood’s formed elements

27
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of red blood cells

28
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

formation of platelets

29
Q

leukopoiesis

A

formation of white blood cells

30
Q

erythropoietin

A

made by the kidney controls RBC production

Anatomy 220 (17 decks)

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