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Anatomy 220 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands

A

are ductless
glands that secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

hormones

A 
are carried throughout the body
by the bloodstream
- initiate specific actions in target
cells (cells that have receptors
for the hormone)
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3
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones
that affect the release of other
hormones

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4
Q

endocrine vs. nervous system

A 
– acts using hormones
– can affect any cell in the
body (target cells have
hormone receptors)
– has widespread effects
– has slower but longer
lasting responses
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5
Q

amine hormone

A

the modified amino acid, norepinephrine

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6
Q

peptide hormone

A

short chains of linked amino acid oxytocin

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7
Q

protein hormone

A

long chains of linked amino acids growth hormone

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8
Q

steroid hormone

A

derived from the lipid cholesterol testosterone and progesterone

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9
Q

another name for the posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis, nervous tissue

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10
Q

another name for the anterior pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis glandular tissue

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11
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

Vasopressin

A 
Initiates water retention in
kidney during dehydration
• Increases blood pressure
through vasoconstriction
• Hyposecretion causes
diabetes insipidus
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12
Q

oxytocin

A

• Uterine contractions and

milk ejection

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13
Q

where does ADH production occur

A

neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus

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14
Q

where does OT production occur?

A

in the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

what is in the infundibulum

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract (axons of neurosecretory cells)

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16
Q

What is released by the posterior pituitary

A

OT and ADH oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

what is the roll of the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary hormones

A

releases the hormones from neurosecretory cells

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18
Q

what stimulates the anterior pituitary to release hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

7 anterior pituitary hormones?

A 
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)
• Prolactin (PRL)
• Growth Hormone (GH)
• Melanocyte-Stimulating
Hormone (MSH)
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20
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

acts on thyroid gland

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21
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

acts on mammary glands

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22
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone CTH

A

acts on the adrenal cortex

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23
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

acts on
all body tissues, especially bone,
muscle, and adipose connective
tissue.

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24
Q

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) &
luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

acts on gonads (testes and ovaries)

25
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

acts on melanocytes in the epidermis

26
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of

GH in children

27
Q

pituitary gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of

GH in children

28
Q

acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of GH during
adulthood after the epiphyseal
plates have closed

29
Q

pineal gland

A

part of epithalamus

produces melatonin

30
Q

what does melatonin do

A

helps regulate circadian rhythm

31
Q

Thyroid gland

A

inferior to larynx, largest pure endocrine gland

produces: thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and calcitonin

32
Q

what does the thyroid hormone do?

A

increases metabolic rate

33
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

lowers level of blood calcium and decreases osteoclast activity, increases osteoblast activity

34
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excessive TH production high metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, always feeling hot, tachycardia

35
Q

hypothyroidism

A

decreased production of TH

low metabolic rate weight gain fatigue, always feeling cold

36
Q

endemic goiter

A

dietary iodine deficiency

37
Q

parathyroid glands hormone they produce?

A

parathyroid hormone PTH

38
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

increases blood concentration of calcium

increases osteoclast activity and decreases osteoblast activity

39
Q

thymus

A

located in lower neck and mediastinum, yellows and atrophies after puberty

40
Q

what hormone does the thymus produce?

A

thymopoietin and thymosins

41
Q

what do thymopoietin and thymosins hormones do?

A

stimulate growth and maturation of T-lymphocytes

42
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

aldosterone and cortisol

43
Q

what hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)
and
norepinephrine

44
Q

aldosterone

A

sodium and water retention in kidney produced in adrenal cortex

45
Q

cortisol

A

helps body deal with stressful situations produced in adrenal cortex

46
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline produced in adrenal medulla

47
Q

norepinephrine

A

enhances fight or flight responses produced in adrenal medulla

48
Q

cushing syndrome

A 
– Hypersecretion of cortisol
– Symptoms:
• Re-distributed body fat
• Moon face & buffalo hump
• Kidney stones
• Suppressed immune system,
low resistance to infection
• Skin becomes fragile and thin
49
Q

Addison’s disease

A 
– Hyposecretion of cortisol and
aldosterone
– Symptoms:
• Weight loss
• General fatigue
• Hypotension (low blood
pressure)
50
Q

corticosteroids

A

are the steroid
hormones from the adrenal
cortex (ex. cortisol) act on the immune system by blocking inflammation

51
Q

side effects of corticosteroids

A 
They inhibit white blood cells,
leading to increased
susceptibility to infection
– They lull the patient’s own
adrenal cortex to sleep
– Can cause symptoms of
Cushing syndrome
52
Q

pancreas location and production

A

in posterior wall of abdominal cavity, pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans
produces glucagon and insulin

53
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by alpha cells
glycogen breakdown in the liver
increases blood glucose levels

54
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta cells, signals body cells to take up and use glucose for energy
decreases blood glucose levels

55
Q

what does the pancreatic islet contain?

A

alpha and beta cells

56
Q

diabetes Mellitus

A

Insufficient secretion of insulin or resistance of body cells
to effects of insulin

57
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

Autoimmune disorder
– Absent or diminished production and release of insulin by the
pancreatic beta cells
– Treated with insulin shots or pumps

58
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

– Decreased insulin effectiveness, body cells become resistant to insulin
– Develops more slowly
– Associated with being overweight, eating poorly and inactive lifestyle

59
Q

gestational diabetes

A

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy
– Placental hormones can block the action of insulin in the mom’s body
– Higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life

Anatomy 220 (17 decks)

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