Endocrine System Flashcards
endocrine glands
are ductless
glands that secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream
hormones
are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream - initiate specific actions in target cells (cells that have receptors for the hormone)
Tropic hormones
Hormones
that affect the release of other
hormones
endocrine vs. nervous system
– acts using hormones – can affect any cell in the body (target cells have hormone receptors) – has widespread effects – has slower but longer lasting responses
amine hormone
the modified amino acid, norepinephrine
peptide hormone
short chains of linked amino acid oxytocin
protein hormone
long chains of linked amino acids growth hormone
steroid hormone
derived from the lipid cholesterol testosterone and progesterone
another name for the posterior pituitary gland
neurohypophysis, nervous tissue
another name for the anterior pituitary gland
adenohypophysis glandular tissue
Antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin
Initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration • Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction • Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus
oxytocin
• Uterine contractions and
milk ejection
where does ADH production occur
neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus
where does OT production occur?
in the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus
what is in the infundibulum
hypothalamohypophyseal tract (axons of neurosecretory cells)
What is released by the posterior pituitary
OT and ADH oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
what is the roll of the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary hormones
releases the hormones from neurosecretory cells
what stimulates the anterior pituitary to release hormone?
hypothalamus
7 anterior pituitary hormones?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • Prolactin (PRL) • Growth Hormone (GH) • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
acts on thyroid gland
prolactin (PRL)
acts on mammary glands
adrenocorticotropic hormone CTH
acts on the adrenal cortex
growth hormone (GH)
acts on
all body tissues, especially bone,
muscle, and adipose connective
tissue.
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) &
luteinizing hormone (LH)
acts on gonads (testes and ovaries)
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
acts on melanocytes in the epidermis
pituitary dwarfism
Hyposecretion of
GH in children
pituitary gigantism
Hypersecretion of
GH in children
acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH during
adulthood after the epiphyseal
plates have closed
pineal gland
part of epithalamus
produces melatonin
what does melatonin do
helps regulate circadian rhythm
Thyroid gland
inferior to larynx, largest pure endocrine gland
produces: thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and calcitonin
what does the thyroid hormone do?
increases metabolic rate
what does calcitonin do?
lowers level of blood calcium and decreases osteoclast activity, increases osteoblast activity
hyperthyroidism
excessive TH production high metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, always feeling hot, tachycardia
hypothyroidism
decreased production of TH
low metabolic rate weight gain fatigue, always feeling cold
endemic goiter
dietary iodine deficiency
parathyroid glands hormone they produce?
parathyroid hormone PTH
what does the parathyroid hormone do?
increases blood concentration of calcium
increases osteoclast activity and decreases osteoblast activity
thymus
located in lower neck and mediastinum, yellows and atrophies after puberty
what hormone does the thymus produce?
thymopoietin and thymosins
what do thymopoietin and thymosins hormones do?
stimulate growth and maturation of T-lymphocytes
What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone and cortisol
what hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla
epinephrine (adrenaline)
and
norepinephrine
aldosterone
sodium and water retention in kidney produced in adrenal cortex
cortisol
helps body deal with stressful situations produced in adrenal cortex
epinephrine
adrenaline produced in adrenal medulla
norepinephrine
enhances fight or flight responses produced in adrenal medulla
cushing syndrome
– Hypersecretion of cortisol – Symptoms: • Re-distributed body fat • Moon face & buffalo hump • Kidney stones • Suppressed immune system, low resistance to infection • Skin becomes fragile and thin
Addison’s disease
– Hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone – Symptoms: • Weight loss • General fatigue • Hypotension (low blood pressure)
corticosteroids
are the steroid
hormones from the adrenal
cortex (ex. cortisol) act on the immune system by blocking inflammation
side effects of corticosteroids
They inhibit white blood cells, leading to increased susceptibility to infection – They lull the patient’s own adrenal cortex to sleep – Can cause symptoms of Cushing syndrome
pancreas location and production
in posterior wall of abdominal cavity, pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans
produces glucagon and insulin
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells
glycogen breakdown in the liver
increases blood glucose levels
insulin
secreted by beta cells, signals body cells to take up and use glucose for energy
decreases blood glucose levels
what does the pancreatic islet contain?
alpha and beta cells
diabetes Mellitus
Insufficient secretion of insulin or resistance of body cells
to effects of insulin
type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disorder
– Absent or diminished production and release of insulin by the
pancreatic beta cells
– Treated with insulin shots or pumps
type 2 diabetes
– Decreased insulin effectiveness, body cells become resistant to insulin
– Develops more slowly
– Associated with being overweight, eating poorly and inactive lifestyle
gestational diabetes
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy
– Placental hormones can block the action of insulin in the mom’s body
– Higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life
