Exam 2 Flashcards
Region of trunk between neck and abdomen
Thorax
Access for thoracic cavity to communicate with the neck , slopes downward and forward
Superior thoracic aperture
The superior thoracic aperture is bounded by what three things
- T1
- First ribs and costal cartilage
- Superior border of the manubrium
Access for the thoracic cavity to communicate with the abdomen, slopes downward and backward
Inferior thoracic aperture
The inferior thoracic aperture is bounded by what three things
- T12
- 12th rib and costal margins
- Xiphisternal joint
What part of the vertebrae support the body’s weight
Body
Superior articulate facets on vertebrae face
Posteriorly
Inferior articulate facets on vertebrae face
Anteriorly
What ribs are true ribs and what is another name for them
1-7
Vertebrocostal ribs
In vertebrocostal ribs the costal cartilage attaches
Directly to the sternum
Which ribs are false ribs and what’s another name for them ?
8-10
Vertebrochondral ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs costal cartilage attaches to
Costal cartilage of rib 7
Floating ribs are numbers
11 & 12
Floating ribs have no
Attachment to the sternum
What are the three layers of muscle in intercostal space? Go from superficial to deep
- External intercostal muscle
- Internal intercostal muscle
- Innermost intercostal muscle
External intercostal muscle
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle
Are all innervated by?
Intercostal nerves
A posterior intercostal vein and artery, and an intercostal nerve are found
In each intercostal space
The posterior intercostal arteries are direct branches of
Descending aorta
The posterior intercostal veins drain into which veins in the right and left?
Azygos vein-right
Hemiazygos vein-left
What are the three compartments within the thoracic walls
Right and left pulmonary cavities
Mediastinum
Outer lining, lined the inner surface of the thoracic wall and the mediastinum
Parietal pleura
Inner lining, invests the lungs, cannot be dissected from the lungs
Visceral pleura
Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Blunt superior end of lungs
Apex
Lungs are attached to
Pulmonary vessels and trachea
How many lobes does each lung have
Right 3 loves
Left 2 lobes
Where does the trachea begin?
Cricoid cartilage
The division point of the trachea, most sensitive area, divides into right and left primary bronchi here
Carina
Trachealis muscle action
Constricts the trachea
Allows higher velocity of air during coughing
Which primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical
Right primary bronchus
Airborn irritants like cig tar weaken what? Decreasing the efficiency of gas exchange
Walls of alveoli
Chief muscle of inspiration
Diaphragm
The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm where and at what level?
Caval opening
Disc between T8 & T9
The esophagus passes through the diaphragm where and at what level?
Esophageal hiatus
T10
The aorta passes the diaphragm where and at what level?
Aortic hiatus
Anterior to T12
Contraction of the diaphragm moves dome
Inferiorly , increasing volume of the thoracic cavity
In inspiration what happens to the diaphragm, ribs, pleural cavities of lungs, and abdominal pressure
Diaphragm contracts
Ribs elevate
Pleural cavity and lungs enlarge
Abdominal pressure inc due to dec abdominal volume
In expiration what happens to the diaphragm, ribs, lungs, and abdominal pressure
Diaphragm relaxes
Ribs are depressed
Stretch elastic tissue of lungs recoils
Abdominal pressure is decreased
Motor supply in diaphragm is from
Phrenic nerves
Sensory supply to diaphragm primary from what centrally
Phrenic nerves
Continuous membrane that forms two layers separated by serous filled pericardial cavity
Serous pericardium
Adhere to deep surface of fibrous pericardium (part of serous pericardium)
Parietal pericardium
Outer layer of heart tissue (part of serous pericardium)
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Thick middle layer of specialized cardiac muscle
Myocardium
Thin internal lining membrane of the heart that also lines the valves
Endocardium
Right atrium recieves poorly oxygenated blood from body through
Inferior and superior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Blood passes from right atrium into right ventricle through
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into
The pulmonary trunk (artery)
Left atrium recieves blood from
4 pulmonary veins (well oxygenated blood from lungs)
Blood leaves left atrium into left ventricle through
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left ventricle pumps blood through what into aortic arch
Aortic Semilunar valve
Prevents blood from back flowing from pulmonary artery into right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Coronary arteries supply
Epicardium and myocardium
Interpulmonary space, area between the pulmonary cavities
Mediastinum
Returns excess tissue fluid (lymph ) to the bloodstream
Lymphatic system
Musclotendinous , thick muscles located on either side of lumbar vertebrae, what part of abdomen?
Abdominal wall
What part of abdomen holds digestive organs, spleen , and kidneys
Abdominal cavity
Formosa recurs sheath which encases the rectus abdominus muscles
Aponeurosis
Forms support and protection to the abdominal viscera
Muscles of the abdominal
Wall
Inferior margin of external oblique aponeurosis, spans from anterior superior iliac alone to the pubic tubercle
Inguinal ligament
Origin and insertion of rectus abdominus
O: anterior pubis
I: costal cartilage of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process of sternum
Nerve and action of rectus abdominus
N: intercostal nerves
A: flexes lumbar spine , depresses ribs, stabilizes pelvis
Deepest muscle of the anterior abdominal wall
Transversus abdominus
Inferior portion of anterior abdominal wall, lies parallel and superior to inguinal ligament
Inguinal canal
The inguinal canal contains
Ilioinguinal nerve
Round ligament of the uterus
Spermatic cord
Carries sperm from testis to urethra
Ductus deferents
If abdominal muscles are weak, intestines or peritoneal fat can push into inguinal canal forming a
Hernia
More common in females through the weak area in anterior abdominal wall associated with passage of large femoral vessels
Femoral hernias
Serious membrane consists of visceral “”, parietal “”, and mesentery
Peritoneum
Lines abdominal wall, pelvic wall, and inferior surface of diaphragm
Parietal peritoneum
Covers the viscera, such as the spleen and the stomach
Visceral peritoneum
General term for a double layer of peritoneum that suspends an organ
Mesentery
When a layer of peritoneum encloses almost all of an organ
Intraperitoneal organs
Only one surface of an organ is covered by peritoneum
Retro/ subperitoneal organs
Potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum, contains peritoneal fluid, completely closed in males and communicates with exterior through openings in uterine tubes in females
Peritoneal cavity
Lubercates surface of peritoneum, facilitates free movement of viscera
Peritoneal fluid
Joins lesser curvature of stomach and proximal pet of duodenum to liver
Lesser omentum
Attached from greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
Greater omentum
Opening between the greater and lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity
Omental foramen (opening between the two sacs)
Allows free movement of stomach, it has a superior recess and an inferior recess
Omental bursa
Double layer of visceral peritoneum connecting peritoneal organs with abdominal wall, encloses blood vessels and nerves to organs it surrounds
Mesentery
Double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or the abdominal wall,lacks connective tissue, may contain blood vessels
Peritoneal ligaments
Gastrointestinal tract consists of
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
What is the function of the esophagus
Pass food from pharynx to the stomach
Where does the esophagus begin? Pass through the diaphragm? And terminate?
Begins at c6
Passes through diaphragm at esophageal hiatus level of T10
Terminated at esophagogastric junction
When full esophagus is constructed at four places
Neck
Aortic arch
Left primary bronchus
Diaphragm
Function of the stomach
Enzymatic digestion
Low ph of stomach activates
Enzymes
Gastric enzymes break down proteins into
Amino acids
Function of small intestine
Location of complete digestion
Shortest and widest part of small intestine, c shaped, surrounds head of pancreas
Duodenum
What is the function of the large intestine
Convert liquid contents of ileum into semisolid feces
Narrow hollow muscular tube, suspended from terminal ileum , behind the cecum
Appendix
S shaped, supports and retains fecal mass before it is expelled during defecation
Rectum
Terminal part of large intestine, inferior to pelvic diaphragm
Anal cavity
Largest internal organ and glands of the body
Liver
Functions of the liver
Bile production and secretion
Detoxifying
Blood-clotting mechanism
Storage
Pear shaped sac, lies on inferior surface of liver
Gallbladder
Functions of the gallbladder
Recieves stores concentrates and expels bile
Bile emulsifies fat
Lies posterior to stomach between duodenum on right and spleen on left
Posterior
Functions of the pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes
Secretes insulin and glucagon
Large lymphatic organ, lies against diaphragm and ribs 9-11 on left side
Spleen
Functions of the spleen
Filters blood
Stores red corpuscles
Produces lymphocytes and antibodies
Function of kidneys
Remove excess water and salts from blood
Returns nutrients to blood
Which kidney is lower and where are each located
Right kidney is lower located at 12th rib (due to liver)
Left kidney is located at 11th-12th ribs
Retroperitoneal throughout its length, serves the passage of urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
Ureters
Inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm where and at what level
Caval opening
Between T8 and T9
Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm and at what level ?
Esophageal hiatus
T10
The aorta passes through the diaphragm where and at what level ?
Aortic hiatus
T12
Psoas Major origin and insertion
O: transverse processes, intervertebral discs, bodies of T12-L5
I: lesser trochanter of femur
Psoas Major action and nerve
A: flexes thigh and trunk
N: L1-L3
Iliacus origin and insertion
O: superior 2/3 of iliac fossa
I: lessor trochanter
Iliacus action and nerve
A: flexes trunk
N: femoral nerve
Quadratus Lumborum origin and insertion
O: iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest, transverse process of L5
I: 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse process
Quadratus lumborum action and nerve
A: flexes trunk laterally and fixes 12th rib
N: T13-L4
Area of transition between trunk and lower limbs, enclosed by bones ligaments and muscles
Pelvic region
Marked by the arcuate lime of ilium and pectineal line of pubis
Pelvic inlet
Marked by the ischial tuberosities, pubic symphysis and arch, and coccyx
Pelvic outlet
Triangular area of trunk between thighs and buttocks extending from the pubis to the coccyx
Perineum
Perineum contents in males
Penis
Scrotum
Anus
Perineum contents in females
Vulva (clitoris and vagina)
Anus
Obturator internus origin and insertion
O: Ilium, superior pubic ramus, and ischium
I: greater trochanter of femur
Obturator internus nerve
Nerve to obturator internus
Piriformis orgin, insertion, and nerve
O: 2nd-4th sacral segments
I: greater trochanter of femur
N: S1-S2
Iliococcygeus origin and insertion
O: tendinous arch of obturator fascia
I: perineal body, coccyx
Iliococcygeus action and nerve
A: supports pelvic viscera
N: S4, inferior rental nerve, coccygeal plexus
Puborectalis orgin and insertion
O: inferior ramus of pubis
I: rectum, prostate in males, vagina in females
Puborectalis action and nerve
A: supports pelvic viscera
N: S4 and S5
Pubococcygeus origin and insertion
O: inferior ramus of pubis, tendinous arch of obturator internus
I: coccyx
Pubococcygeus action and nerve
A: supports pelvic viscera
N: S4 and S5
Three pets of levator ani
Iliococcygeus
Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Coccygeus origin and insertion
O: ischial spine
I: inferior end of sacrum, coccyx
Coccygeus action and nerve
A: supports pelvic viscera and flexes coccyx
N: S4 and S5
Conducts urine from urinary bladder to exterior
Urethra
Wall of the bladder is made of
Detrusor muscle
Internal and external urethral sphincters help
Maintain urinary continence
65-75% of semen is made of fluid secretes by the
Seminal glands
25-30% of semen is made of secretions from the
Prostate gland
Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus are innervated by
Pudendal nerve
The uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries are suspended in a double layer of peritoneum called
The broad ligament
Results when the uterus descends abnormally into the vagina
Prolapsed uterus
Relaxation of the smooth muscles in the walls of arteries, allowing blood to fill erectile tissue
Erection
In males contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of the ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and urethra
Ejaculation
In females rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles in walls of the vagina
Orgasm
