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Sam's Human Gross Anatomy > 3.1 Vertebral Column > Flashcards

3.1 Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Has an important role in posture, in support of body weight, in locomotion, and in protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots

A

Vertebral column (spine)

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2
Q

Curvatures and the intervertebral discs provide

A

Shock absorbing resilience for the body

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3
Q

Exaggerated concave anteriorly of the vertebral column

A

Kyphosis

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4
Q

Where are the anterior concaves in the vertebral column

A

Thoracic and sacral vertebrae

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5
Q

Exaggerated concave posteriorly of the vertebral colum

A

Lordosis

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6
Q

Where are the posterior concaves in the vertebral column

A

Lumbar and cervical vertebrae

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7
Q

How many vertebrae are in the spine ? And how many are moveable?

A

33 total

24 moveable

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8
Q

How many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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9
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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10
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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11
Q

How many sacral vertebrae

A

5 ( fused not long after birth)

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12
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae

A

3-4 (fused during midlife)

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13
Q

Thoracic and sacral curvatures are? When do they develop?

A

Primary curvatures

Develop in fetal life

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14
Q

The cervical curvature is ? When does it develop?

A

Secondary curvatures

Develops at 3 months when infant holds head erect

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15
Q

Lumbar curvatures are? When do they develop?

A

Secondary curvatures

Develops as a child begins to walk (11-13 month)

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16
Q

Any mediolateral curvature of spine

A

Scoliosis

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17
Q

What are the superior and inferior articulate facets of vertebrae for

A

Articulation with other vertebrae and restricts movement

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18
Q

What are the transverse process and spinous process of vertebrae for

A

Muscle attachments

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19
Q

What are the pedicle and lamina of vertebrae for

A

They form vertebral foramen to protect spinal cord

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20
Q

What does the body of a vertebrae do

A

Supports body weight

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21
Q

The superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae form the

A

Intervertebral foramen

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22
Q

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through the

A

Intervertebral foramen

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23
Q

Common in older people, especially in cervical and lumbar regions, encroachments occur on intervertebral foramina and on vertebral canal that CAUSE PRESSURE ON NERVE ROOTS resulting in radiculopathy

A

Spondylosis

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24
Q

Transverse foramen are specific to what vertebrae

A

Cervical

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25
Q

What artery passes through the transverse foramen

A

Vertebral artery

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26
Q

Spinous process of C3 and C6 are

A

Short and bifid (divides by deep notch)

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27
Q

What vertebrae is atlas?

A

C1

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28
Q

What vertebrae is axis

A

C2

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29
Q

What is special about atlas (C1)

A

No body

Large superior articulate facets for occipital condyles of skull

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30
Q

What is special about axis (C2)

A

Dens

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31
Q

What structure is specific to thoracic vertebrae

A

Costal facets

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32
Q

What is the purpose of costal facets on thoracic vertebrae

A

On bodies of vertebrae for articulation with head of ribs

On transverse process for articulation with tubercles of ribs

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33
Q

Cervical vertebrae have what kind of body

A

Small or non existent body

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34
Q

In cervical vertebrae which way do the superior and inferior articular facets face

A

Superior - superiorly

Inferior- inferiorly

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35
Q

In cervical vertebrae the spinous and transverse processes are

A

Lever-like

Muscles and ligaments are attached to it and act as levers to move vertebrae

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36
Q

The spinous process of thoracic vertebrae are

A

Long, inferiorly directed

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37
Q

In thoracic vertebrae superior and inferior articular facets face

A

Superior- posteriorly

Inferior- anteriorly

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38
Q

Bodies of lumbar vertebrae are

A

Large and heavy

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39
Q

Spinous and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae are

A

Short and sturdy

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40
Q

In lumbar vertebrae superior and inferior articular facets face

A

Superior- medially

Inferior- laterally

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41
Q

The heavy body of lumbar vertebrae supports

A

Weight of torso, upper limbs, and head

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42
Q

What attaches to the sacrum superiorly and what attaches laterally

A

Superiorly- L5

Laterally- hip bones (ilium)

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43
Q

Deformity where 5th lumbar vertebrae is partly or completely incorporated into sacrum, this is in 5% of people

A

Sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebrae or hemisacralization

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44
Q

Deformity where 1st sacral vertebra is separated from the sacrum

A

Lumbarization of 1st sacral vertebra

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45
Q

In the sacrum and coccyx the spinous process and articular processes are fused into

A

Jagged ridges

46
Q

Provides access to the sacral canal

A

Sacral hiatus

47
Q

Joint between coccyx and sacrum can

A

Move a little

  • important during childbirth
  • fused at old age
48
Q

The intervertebral discs are composed of

A

Nucleus pulposus

Anulus fibrosus

49
Q

Gelatinous central mass of the intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus pulposus

50
Q

The outer fibrous part of intervertebral discs, composed of fibrocartilage

A

Anulus fibrosus

51
Q

The intervertebral joint allows

A

Compression
Bending
Twisting

52
Q

What are the three types of movement of vertebrae

A

Flexion / extension / hyperextension
Lateral bending
Twisting (rotation)

53
Q

Movement between vertebrae is

A

Small

54
Q

Movement between vertebrae is greatest in

A

Lumbar and cervical regions

55
Q

What is a zygapophyseal joint

A

Superior articular facet and an inferior articular facet

56
Q

All zygapophyseal facets are plane type of ? And are oriented somewhat?

A

Synovial joints

Superoinferiorly

57
Q

Cervical zygapophyseal joints have

A

Lots of mobility

58
Q

Thoracic zygapophyseal joints have

A

Limited mobility

59
Q

Lumbar zygapophyseal joints have

A

Moderate mobility

60
Q

Flexion of cervical vertebrae tends to

A

Open up the intervertebral foramen

61
Q

Extension, lateral bending, and rotation of cervical vertebrae

A

Crowd the intervertebral foramina

62
Q

What movements are possible in cervical vertebrae

A

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation (especially at atlantoaxial joint)

63
Q

Movements possible at thoracic vertebrae

A

Rotation

Limited flexion, extension, and lateral flexion

64
Q

Thoracic vertebrae are most stable due to

A

Articulations with ribs, costal cartilage, and sternum

65
Q

Movement possible at lumbar vertebrae

A

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion

Almost NO rotation

66
Q

In the spine ligaments

A

Limit movement

67
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament prevents

A

Hyperextension of vertebral column

68
Q

Hyperextension of neck in a rear end car crash causes stretching or tearing of

A

The anterior longitudinal ligament

69
Q

Muscles of the back are in two groups

A

Intrinsic muscles

Extrinsic muscles

70
Q

Muscles of the back proper

A

Intrinsic muscles

71
Q

Muscles of the upper limb / thorax that have migrated onto the back

A

Extrinsic muscles

72
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back are all innervated segmentally by

A

Posterior rami of seminal nerves

73
Q

What side is the motor side and what side is the sensory side of the spinal cord

A

Sensory- dorsal / posterior

Motor- ventral / anterior

74
Q

Cutaneous sensory territory of a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

75
Q

Mass of muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

Myotome

76
Q

Dermomyotome refers to both

A

Dermatomes and myotomes

77
Q

Origin and insertion of splenius capitis

A

O: Nuchal ligament and spinous process of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

I: mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone

78
Q

Nerve and action of splenius capitis

A

N: segmentally by posterior rami

A: unilaterally- laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side
Bilaterally- extends / hyperextends neck

79
Q

Splenius cervicis origin and insertion

A

O: nuchal ligament and spinous process of upper thoracic vertebrae
I: transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae

80
Q

Nerve and action of splenius cervicis

A

N: segmentally by posterior rami

A: unilaterally- laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side
Bilaterally- extends / hyperextends neck

81
Q

What are the erector spinae muscles? And what is their primary action?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

To extend the back from a flexes position

82
Q

Origin and insertion of iliocostalis

A

O: sacrum, iliac crest
I: angle of the ribs

83
Q

Nerve and action of iliocostalis

A

N: segmentally by posterior rami

A: extend / laterally bend vertebral column

84
Q

Origin and insertion of longissimus

A

O: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous process of sacrum and lumbar vertebrae

I: transverse processes of vertebrae, between angle and tubercles of ribs

85
Q

Nerve and action of longissimus

A

N: segmentally by posterior rami

A: extend / laterally bend vertebral column , extends head

86
Q

Origin and insertion of spinalis

A

O: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of sacrum and lumbar vertebrae
I: spinous processes of vertebrae

87
Q

Nerve and action of spinalis

A

N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: extend / laterally bend vertebral column

88
Q

What are the superficial intrinsic muscles of back

A

Splenius capitis

Splenius cervicis

89
Q

What are the intermediate intrinsic muscles of the back

A

The 3 erector spinae muscles

90
Q

What are the deep intrinsic muscles of the back

A

The 3 transversospinal muscles
Levator costarum
Interspinales
Intertransversarii

91
Q

What are the transversospinal muscles

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores

92
Q

Origin and insertion of semispinalis

A

O: transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
I: occipital bone, spinous processes, spans 4-6 segments

93
Q

Nerve and action of semispinalis

A

N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: extends head and thoracic / cervical region of vertebral column

94
Q

Multifidus origin and insertion

A

O: sacrum, ilium, mammillary transverse and articular processes of vertebrae
I: spinous processes, spans 2-4 segments

95
Q

Nerve and action of multifidus

A

N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: stabilizes vertebrae

96
Q

Origin and insertion of rotatores

A

O: transverse processes of vertebrae
I: lamina and spinous process of vertebrae 1-2 segments above

97
Q

Nerve and action of rotatores

A

N: segmentally by posterior rami
A: stabilizes vertebrae

98
Q

Levatores costarum origin and insertion

A

O: tips of transverse processes
I: between tubercle and angle of ribs below

99
Q

Levatores costarum nerve and action

A

N:segmentally by posterior rami
A: elevates ribs (assists with inspiration)

100
Q

Interspinales is found

A

Between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

101
Q

Where are intertransversarii found

A

Between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

102
Q

What muscles make up the suboccipital triangle

A

Obliquus capitis superior
Obliquus capitis inferior
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Rectus capitis posterior major

103
Q

Origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior major

A

O: spinous process of C2 (axis)
I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

104
Q

Nerve and action of rectus capitis posterior major

A

N: suboccipital nerve
A: unilaterally rotates head, bilaterally extends neck

105
Q

Origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor

A

O: posterior arch of C1 (atlas)
I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

106
Q

Nerve and action of rectus capitis posterior minor

A

N: suboccipital nerve
A: unilaterally rotates head, bilaterally extends neck

107
Q

Origin and insertion of obliquus capitis superior

A

O: transverse process of C1 (atlas)
I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

108
Q

Nerve and action of obliquus capitis superior

A

N: suboccipital nerve
A: unilaterally flexes head to ipsilateral side, bilaterally extends head

109
Q

Origin and insertion of obliquus capitis inferior

A

O: spinous process of C2 (axis)
I: transverse process of C1 (atlas)

110
Q

Nerve and action of obliquus capitis inferior

A

N: suboccipital nerve
A: unilaterally rotates C1 and head, bilaterally extends neck

Sam's Human Gross Anatomy (11 decks)

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