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Sam's Human Gross Anatomy > 3.1 Vertebral Column > Flashcards

3.1 Vertebral Column Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Has an important role in posture, in support of body weight, in locomotion, and in protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots

A

Vertebral column (spine)

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2
Q

Curvatures and the intervertebral discs provide

A

Shock absorbing resilience for the body

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3
Q

Exaggerated concave anteriorly of the vertebral column

A

Kyphosis

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4
Q

Where are the anterior concaves in the vertebral column

A

Thoracic and sacral vertebrae

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5
Q

Exaggerated concave posteriorly of the vertebral colum

A

Lordosis

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6
Q

Where are the posterior concaves in the vertebral column

A

Lumbar and cervical vertebrae

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7
Q

How many vertebrae are in the spine ? And how many are moveable?

A

33 total

24 moveable

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8
Q

How many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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9
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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10
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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11
Q

How many sacral vertebrae

A

5 ( fused not long after birth)

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12
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae

A

3-4 (fused during midlife)

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13
Q

Thoracic and sacral curvatures are? When do they develop?

A

Primary curvatures

Develop in fetal life

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14
Q

The cervical curvature is ? When does it develop?

A

Secondary curvatures

Develops at 3 months when infant holds head erect

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15
Q

Lumbar curvatures are? When do they develop?

A

Secondary curvatures

Develops as a child begins to walk (11-13 month)

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16
Q

Any mediolateral curvature of spine

A

Scoliosis

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17
Q

What are the superior and inferior articulate facets of vertebrae for

A

Articulation with other vertebrae and restricts movement

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18
Q

What are the transverse process and spinous process of vertebrae for

A

Muscle attachments

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19
Q

What are the pedicle and lamina of vertebrae for

A

They form vertebral foramen to protect spinal cord

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20
Q

What does the body of a vertebrae do

A

Supports body weight

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21
Q

The superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae form the

A

Intervertebral foramen

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22
Q

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through the

A

Intervertebral foramen

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23
Q

Common in older people, especially in cervical and lumbar regions, encroachments occur on intervertebral foramina and on vertebral canal that CAUSE PRESSURE ON NERVE ROOTS resulting in radiculopathy

A

Spondylosis

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24
Q

Transverse foramen are specific to what vertebrae

A

Cervical

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25
What artery passes through the transverse foramen
Vertebral artery
26
Spinous process of C3 and C6 are
Short and bifid (divides by deep notch)
27
What vertebrae is atlas?
C1
28
What vertebrae is axis
C2
29
What is special about atlas (C1)
No body | Large superior articulate facets for occipital condyles of skull
30
What is special about axis (C2)
Dens
31
What structure is specific to thoracic vertebrae
Costal facets
32
What is the purpose of costal facets on thoracic vertebrae
On bodies of vertebrae for articulation with head of ribs On transverse process for articulation with tubercles of ribs
33
Cervical vertebrae have what kind of body
Small or non existent body
34
In cervical vertebrae which way do the superior and inferior articular facets face
Superior - superiorly | Inferior- inferiorly
35
In cervical vertebrae the spinous and transverse processes are
Lever-like | Muscles and ligaments are attached to it and act as levers to move vertebrae
36
The spinous process of thoracic vertebrae are
Long, inferiorly directed
37
In thoracic vertebrae superior and inferior articular facets face
Superior- posteriorly | Inferior- anteriorly
38
Bodies of lumbar vertebrae are
Large and heavy
39
Spinous and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae are
Short and sturdy
40
In lumbar vertebrae superior and inferior articular facets face
Superior- medially | Inferior- laterally
41
The heavy body of lumbar vertebrae supports
Weight of torso, upper limbs, and head
42
What attaches to the sacrum superiorly and what attaches laterally
Superiorly- L5 | Laterally- hip bones (ilium)
43
Deformity where 5th lumbar vertebrae is partly or completely incorporated into sacrum, this is in 5% of people
Sacralization of 5th lumbar vertebrae or hemisacralization
44
Deformity where 1st sacral vertebra is separated from the sacrum
Lumbarization of 1st sacral vertebra
45
In the sacrum and coccyx the spinous process and articular processes are fused into
Jagged ridges
46
Provides access to the sacral canal
Sacral hiatus
47
Joint between coccyx and sacrum can
Move a little - important during childbirth - fused at old age
48
The intervertebral discs are composed of
Nucleus pulposus | Anulus fibrosus
49
Gelatinous central mass of the intervertebral disc
Nucleus pulposus
50
The outer fibrous part of intervertebral discs, composed of fibrocartilage
Anulus fibrosus
51
The intervertebral joint allows
Compression Bending Twisting
52
What are the three types of movement of vertebrae
Flexion / extension / hyperextension Lateral bending Twisting (rotation)
53
Movement between vertebrae is
Small
54
Movement between vertebrae is greatest in
Lumbar and cervical regions
55
What is a zygapophyseal joint
Superior articular facet and an inferior articular facet
56
All zygapophyseal facets are plane type of ? And are oriented somewhat?
Synovial joints Superoinferiorly
57
Cervical zygapophyseal joints have
Lots of mobility
58
Thoracic zygapophyseal joints have
Limited mobility
59
Lumbar zygapophyseal joints have
Moderate mobility
60
Flexion of cervical vertebrae tends to
Open up the intervertebral foramen
61
Extension, lateral bending, and rotation of cervical vertebrae
Crowd the intervertebral foramina
62
What movements are possible in cervical vertebrae
Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation (especially at atlantoaxial joint)
63
Movements possible at thoracic vertebrae
Rotation | Limited flexion, extension, and lateral flexion
64
Thoracic vertebrae are most stable due to
Articulations with ribs, costal cartilage, and sternum
65
Movement possible at lumbar vertebrae
Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Almost NO rotation
66
In the spine ligaments
Limit movement
67
The anterior longitudinal ligament prevents
Hyperextension of vertebral column
68
Hyperextension of neck in a rear end car crash causes stretching or tearing of
The anterior longitudinal ligament
69
Muscles of the back are in two groups
Intrinsic muscles | Extrinsic muscles
70
Muscles of the back proper
Intrinsic muscles
71
Muscles of the upper limb / thorax that have migrated onto the back
Extrinsic muscles
72
Intrinsic muscles of the back are all innervated segmentally by
Posterior rami of seminal nerves
73
What side is the motor side and what side is the sensory side of the spinal cord
Sensory- dorsal / posterior | Motor- ventral / anterior
74
Cutaneous sensory territory of a single spinal nerve
Dermatome
75
Mass of muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve
Myotome
76
Dermomyotome refers to both
Dermatomes and myotomes
77
Origin and insertion of splenius capitis
O: Nuchal ligament and spinous process of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae I: mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
78
Nerve and action of splenius capitis
N: segmentally by posterior rami A: unilaterally- laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side Bilaterally- extends / hyperextends neck
79
Splenius cervicis origin and insertion
O: nuchal ligament and spinous process of upper thoracic vertebrae I: transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae
80
Nerve and action of splenius cervicis
N: segmentally by posterior rami A: unilaterally- laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side Bilaterally- extends / hyperextends neck
81
What are the erector spinae muscles? And what is their primary action?
Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis To extend the back from a flexes position
82
Origin and insertion of iliocostalis
O: sacrum, iliac crest I: angle of the ribs
83
Nerve and action of iliocostalis
N: segmentally by posterior rami A: extend / laterally bend vertebral column
84
Origin and insertion of longissimus
O: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous process of sacrum and lumbar vertebrae I: transverse processes of vertebrae, between angle and tubercles of ribs
85
Nerve and action of longissimus
N: segmentally by posterior rami A: extend / laterally bend vertebral column , extends head
86
Origin and insertion of spinalis
O: sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of sacrum and lumbar vertebrae I: spinous processes of vertebrae
87
Nerve and action of spinalis
N: segmentally by posterior rami A: extend / laterally bend vertebral column
88
What are the superficial intrinsic muscles of back
Splenius capitis | Splenius cervicis
89
What are the intermediate intrinsic muscles of the back
The 3 erector spinae muscles
90
What are the deep intrinsic muscles of the back
The 3 transversospinal muscles Levator costarum Interspinales Intertransversarii
91
What are the transversospinal muscles
Semispinalis Multifidus Rotatores
92
Origin and insertion of semispinalis
O: transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae I: occipital bone, spinous processes, spans 4-6 segments
93
Nerve and action of semispinalis
N: segmentally by posterior rami A: extends head and thoracic / cervical region of vertebral column
94
Multifidus origin and insertion
O: sacrum, ilium, mammillary transverse and articular processes of vertebrae I: spinous processes, spans 2-4 segments
95
Nerve and action of multifidus
N: segmentally by posterior rami A: stabilizes vertebrae
96
Origin and insertion of rotatores
O: transverse processes of vertebrae I: lamina and spinous process of vertebrae 1-2 segments above
97
Nerve and action of rotatores
N: segmentally by posterior rami A: stabilizes vertebrae
98
Levatores costarum origin and insertion
O: tips of transverse processes I: between tubercle and angle of ribs below
99
Levatores costarum nerve and action
N:segmentally by posterior rami A: elevates ribs (assists with inspiration)
100
Interspinales is found
Between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
101
Where are intertransversarii found
Between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
102
What muscles make up the suboccipital triangle
Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior Rectus capitis posterior minor Rectus capitis posterior major
103
Origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior major
O: spinous process of C2 (axis) I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
104
Nerve and action of rectus capitis posterior major
N: suboccipital nerve A: unilaterally rotates head, bilaterally extends neck
105
Origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor
O: posterior arch of C1 (atlas) I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
106
Nerve and action of rectus capitis posterior minor
N: suboccipital nerve A: unilaterally rotates head, bilaterally extends neck
107
Origin and insertion of obliquus capitis superior
O: transverse process of C1 (atlas) I: inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
108
Nerve and action of obliquus capitis superior
N: suboccipital nerve A: unilaterally flexes head to ipsilateral side, bilaterally extends head
109
Origin and insertion of obliquus capitis inferior
O: spinous process of C2 (axis) I: transverse process of C1 (atlas)
110
Nerve and action of obliquus capitis inferior
N: suboccipital nerve A: unilaterally rotates C1 and head, bilaterally extends neck

Sam's Human Gross Anatomy (11 decks)

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