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Micro BIO > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following diseases is (are) caused by prions?

Scrapie

Mad cow disease

Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

All of the choices are correct.

A

all of the choices are correct

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2
Q

Prions consist of proteins and have no apparent nucleic acid genome T o F

A

True

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3
Q

Most bacterial and archaeal cells divide by _________

A

Binary Fission

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4
Q

Which of the following is the correct order for binary fission?

A septum forms at the midcell, the cell elongates, replicates its chromosome, and separates the chromosome into the two parts of the cell.

The cell elongates, a septum forms at midcell, the cell replicates its chromosome, and separates the chromosome into the two parts of the cell.

The cell elongates, replicates its chromosome, and separates the chromosome into the two parts of the cell, and a septum forms at midcell.

None of the choices are correct.

A

The cell elongates, replicates its chromosome, and separates the chromosome into the two parts of the cell, and a septum forms at midcell.

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5
Q

The ________ is a group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis that assembles at the origin of replication.

A

replisome

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6
Q

The process of forming a cross wall between two daughter cells is known as _________.

A

Septation

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7
Q

The site at which replication of DNA starts in bacterial cells is known as the

A

origin of replication

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8
Q

During cytokinesis, a critical step in septation is the assembly of the

A

z ring

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9
Q

Organisms that grow well at 0°C and have optimum growth temperatures of 15°C or lower are called?

A

psychrophiles

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10
Q

Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth but grow better in its presence are called

A

facultative anaerobes

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11
Q

Organisms that ignore oxygen and grow equally well in its presence or absence are called _________

A

aerotolerant

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12
Q

Organisms that are damaged by the normal atmospheric levels of oxygen (20%) but require oxygen at levels of 2–10% for growth are called

A

microaerophiles

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13
Q

Organisms that require increased pressure for optimum growth are called

A

barophilic

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14
Q

Most known microorganisms maintain their internal pH

A

near neutral (pH 7)

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15
Q

Membranes of some thermophilic Archaea are stabilized by ether-linked phospholipids. T o F

A

True

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16
Q

Membranes of thermophilic bacteria are stabilized by phospholipids with

A

fatty acids that tend to be more saturated

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17
Q

What is Quorum sensing?

A

is a phenomenon in which bacteria monitor their own population density

depends on the sensing of signal protein molecules

plays an important role in formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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18
Q

What are the four step of Quorum Sensing

A
  1. Surface (substratum) is preconditioned by environmental molecules.
  2. Microbes attach and detach from the preconditioned surface
  3. Microbes attach and detach from the preconditioned surface
  4. Biofilm matures and some microorganisms escape to the planktonic state.
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19
Q

Which of the following is a reason(s) for the decline in cell numbers during the death phase?

Depletion of nutrients

Accumulation of toxic waste materials

Depletion of O2

All of the choices are correct.

A

all of them are correct

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20
Q

A growth medium that favors the growth of some microorganisms but inhibits the growth of other microorganisms is
neither selective nor differential

both selective and differential

a differential medium

a selective medium

A

selective medium

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21
Q

A growth medium that distinguishes among different groups of bacteria on the basis of their biological characteristics is called a(n)

A

differential medium

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22
Q

When antiseptics and disinfectants are compared, antiseptics are generally _________.

less toxic

more toxic

equally as toxic

unpredictable in toxicity

A

less toxic

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23
Q

The destruction or removal of all viable organisms is called

A

Sterilization

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24
Q

The reduction of the microbial population to levels that are considered safe by public health standards is called

A

sanitization

25
Q

Ultraviolet radiation is an effective means of sterilizing surfaces T o F

A

true

26
Q

Dry heat methods usually require lower temperatures and shorter exposure times than moist heat methods to achieve the same degree of killing because of the drying effects of this form of heat. T o F

A

False

27
Q

If one left a “pasteurized” flask of broth for a long time at room temperature, it would stay sterile forever, at least in principle. T o F

A

False

28
Q

Which of the following is MOST effective against resistant endospores?
Multiple Choice

Autoclaving

Boiling

Pasteurization

All of these are equally effective against resistant endospores.

A

Autoclaving

29
Q

Moist heat sterilizes by _________.

causing the formation of thymine dimers

denaturing proteins

causing the production of singlet oxygen

All of the choices are correct.

A

Denaturing proteins

30
Q

The two most important alcohol germicides are _________ and _________

A

ethanol; isopropanol

31
Q

Alcohols are widely used as antiseptics and disinfectants because they are effective against endospores as well as vegetative cells T o F

A

False

32
Q

A drug that disrupts a microbial function not found in animal cells usually has a higher therapeutic index T o F

A

true

33
Q

The ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose is called the

A

therapeutic index

34
Q

The minimal lethal concentration (MLC) is the
lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a particular pathogen

highest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a particular pathogen

lowest concentration of a drug that kills a particular pathogen

highest concentration of a drug that kills a particular pathogen

A

lowest concentration of a drug that kills a particular pathogen

35
Q

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that prevents growth is the _________.

minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

minimal lethal concentration (MLC)

50% inhibitory dose

All of the choices are correct.

A

minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

36
Q

Aminoglycoside antibiotics _________.

inhibit cell wall synthesis

inhibit folic acid biosynthesis

bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit

bind to bacterial DNA polymerase

A

bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit

37
Q

Which of the following is a useful mechanism of action for an antibacterial drug?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Interference with RNA and DNA synthesis

All of the choices are correct.

A

all of these

38
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors have a low therapeutic index because they usually cannot discriminate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes.

T o F

A

False

39
Q

The antiviral drugs currently approved for use in HIV disease include _________
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

protease inhibitors

fusion inhibitors

All of the choices are correct.

A

all are correct

40
Q

treatment of fungal infections is more difficult than treatment of bacterial infections because the greater metabolic similarity between the fungi and their hosts limits the ability of a drug to have a selective toxicity T O F

A

True

41
Q

Which of the following is (are) used by microorganisms to become resistant to a particular drug?
Enzymatic inactivation of the drug

Exclusion of the drug from the cell

An alternate metabolic pathway that bypasses the drug-sensitive step

All of the choices are correct.

A

all of the choices are correct

42
Q

A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy in order to proceed is

A

Endergonic

43
Q

he change in _________is the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work

A

Free energy

44
Q

The standard reduction potential of a redox reaction is a measure of the tendency of the _________ to _________ electrons.
reductant; gain

reductant; lose

oxidant; gain

oxidant; lose

A

reductant; lose

45
Q

he energy required to bring the substrates of a reaction together in the correct way to reach the transition state is called

A

Activation energy

46
Q

Enzyme activity can be controlled by _________.
allosteric regulation

covalent modification

feedback (end product) inhibition

All of the choices are correct.

A

all are correct

47
Q

The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized anaerobically via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway in PROKARYOTES is _________.

Multiple Choice
2
36
38
85

A

2

48
Q

In addition to being used in the making of ATP, a proton motive force is used directly to power the rotation of bacterial flagella T o F

A

true

49
Q

The theoretical maximum net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized aerobically in eukaryotes is

A

32

50
Q

Which of the following may be used as sources of energy by chemolithotrophs?

Hydrogen gas

Reduced nitrogen compounds

Reduced sulfur compounds

All of the choices are correct.

A

all of them are correct

51
Q

A newly described bacterial species has been shown to use CO2
as its carbon source. Its energy source and its source of reducing power (electrons) are inorganic chemicals. Which term would best describe this nutritional type?

Chemolithoheterotroph

Photoorganoheterotroph

Photolithoheterotroph

Chemolithoautotroph

A

Chemolithoautotroph

52
Q

Which of the following is the major glycolytic pathway used by plants and animals?

Multiple Choice

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

53
Q

How is ATP produced during fermentation?

Cyclic phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Use of proton motive force to drive ATP synthase

Chemosynthetic phosphorylation

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

54
Q

What enzymes hydrolyze proteins, releasing amino acids?

Tranaminases

Proteases

Decarboxylases

Deaminases

A

Proteases

55
Q

The energy source for substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) differs from that of oxidative phosphorylation (OP) in that _________.

SLP is driven using energy provided by a proton motive force, whereas the energy to remove a phosphate group from ATP during OP comes from the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a molecule with a lower phosphate transfer potential than ATP

OP is driven using energy provided by a proton motive force, whereas the energy to add a phosphate group to ADP during SLP comes from the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a molecule with a lower phosphate transfer potential than ATP

OP is driven using energy provided by a proton motive force, whereas the energy to add a phosphate group to ADP during SLP comes from the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a molecule with a higher phosphate transfer potential than ATP

SLP is driven using energy provided by a proton motive force, whereas the energy to add a phosphate group to ADP during OP comes from the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a molecule with a higher phosphate transfer potential than ATP

A

OP is driven using energy provided by a proton motive force, whereas the energy to add a phosphate group to ADP during SLP comes from the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a molecule with a higher phosphate transfer potential than ATPCorrect

56
Q

Chemolithotrophs obtain their energy from _________.

inorganic molecules that directly transfer a phosphate group to ATP during substrate-level phosphorylation

inorganic molecules that are oxidized, providing electrons to create a proton motive force that drives oxidative
phosphorylation

organic molecules that are oxidized via a glycolytic pathway and the TCA cycle

inorganic molecules that are reduced, providing electrons to create a proton motive force that drives oxidative phosphorylation

A

inorganic molecules that are oxidized, providing electrons to create a proton motive force that drives oxidative
phosphorylation

57
Q

Which of the following has the phases of the Calvin-Benson cycle in the correct order, starting with the entry of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate?

Reduction phase, carboxylation phase, regeneration phase

Carboxylation phase, reduction phase, regeneration phase

Carboxylation phase, regeneration phase, reduction phase

Regeneration phase, carboxylation phase, reduction phas

A

Carboxylation phase, reduction phase, regeneration phase

58
Q

Cells save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both _________ and _________.

anabolism; catabolism

metabolism; catabolism

peptidoglycan; lipopolysaccharides

ATP; NADPH

A

anabolism; catabolism

59
Q

Which of the following is the building structure for macromolecules?
Multiple Choice
Polymers

Monomers

Multimers

Proteins

A

Monomers

Micro BIO (13 decks)

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