Chapter 1: Microbiology Introduction Flashcards
What are Microorganisms?
Organisms too small to be seen with the naked unaided eye
list organisms that are cellular…
(Funky People Bake Amazing cakes)
Fungi
Protist
Bacteria
Archaea
List the acellular organisms..
“Very Vivid Stories Predict”
Viruses
Viroids
Satellites
Prions
How are we able to generate a three-domain system for microorganisms?
Through research based on comparing ribosomal RNA genes
Through research based on comparing ribosomal RNA genes, we can generate what three microorganism domain system?
(BAE)
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
what are the two types of Microbial cells?
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
A simple cell with no membrane-enclosed organelles describe what type of cell ?
Prokaryotic cell
what type of cell is larger/ more morphologically complex and contains a membrane-enclosed nucleus with organelles?
Eukaryotic Cells
List the profile for domain bacteria
- Single-cell: without membrane-bound nucleus
- Most w/ peptidoglycan in cell wall
- live in extreme environments
- Major part in the Human Microbiome
- bt disease cz and non- disease cz
list the profile for domain archaea
- SCP
- rRNA sequence distinguishes from Bac.
- unique membrane lipids
- live in extreme environments
- Ds/n directly cz disease in humans
what types of Eukarya are unicellular and larger that bacteria and archaea but have an animal like metabolism ?
Protazoa- Protists
what types of eukarya are unicellular, larger than bacteria and archaea, and photosynthetic?
Algae- protist
what eukarya can be multi or unicellular?
Fungi
yeast- unicellular
molds and mushroom: multicellular
What do we use to describe why viruses are not living organisms?
Life:
Need orderly structure
obtain energy
reproduce
( viruses don’t qualify)
What were the unique molecules found in the membranes of bacteria of molecular fossils ?
Hopanes/ Hopanoids
How many year ago was life present on earth?
3.5-3.8 billion years ago
what is the evidence of RNA world Hypothesis ?
-cellular RNA exists/associated with Ribosome
- rRNA catalyzation form peptide bond
- RNA is a sample precursor strand of DNA
- Energy ATP
- regulate gene expression
Why did cells on early earth need to be able to use energy sources under harsh conditions?
Earth super hot and lack of oxygen due to iron
what makes LUCA most significant to organisms of today?
- most recent of all 3 types of life
- Archaea and Eukarya independently evolved
- A and E diverged from LUCA
What does the endosymbiotic hypothesis explain?
Origin of mitochondria, chloroplast, and hydrogenosomes
Interaction b/w two organisms in which one lives inside of the other is called?
Endosymbiosis
Endo= inside
Mitochondria originated from what endosymbiotic bacteria?
proteobacteria
Chloroplast originated from what endosymbiotic bacteria?
Prochloron
What are hydrogenosomes?
Anaerobic endosymbiont that makes ATP via fermintation
What are we able to use to compare organisms on a evolutionary relationship basis?
Phyletic Classification Systems
The science of classifying living things
Taxonomy
Descendants of a pure microbial culture are called?
a Strain
Define what microbial phylogeny is?
Compare cell wall structure, biomolecules, and NT sequences
Strains can differ biochemically but be the same morphologically, and pathogenically T or F?
False they differ in all
What can we use to display evolutionary relationship b/w organisms?
Phylogenetic tree
In recent research how are we able to define hierarchy in strains?
By the use of metagenomic analysis
The idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter describes?
Spontaneous generation
Who was Antony Leeuwenhoek?
The first person to observe microorganisms accurately by developing the first simple microscope
Scientist that discredited spontaneous generation?
Francesco Reddi
How was Redi able to prove that spontaneous generation was false ?
Showed maggots on decaying meat came from flys
Scientists rebutted Redi, by observing that some extracts have what it takes to confer life from non-living material?
John Needham
what scientist proved hay itself did not make organisms if in a sealed environment
Lazzaro spallanzani
Who was Louis Pasteur?
Swan-neck flask experiment
- created the flasks with long necks
- both heated for microbes to be destroyed
- One exposed to air
- One left with neck intact
- growth only occurs in broken neck flask
Scientist that demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms?
John tyndall
Scientist that provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat resistant forms of bacteria ?
John Tyndall
Who found out that heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores
Ferdinand cohn
Demonstrated the potato blight of Ireland was caused by protozoan
Berkley
showed a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus
Agostino Bassi
showed fungi caused crop disease
Heinrich de Bary
Developed an antiseptic surgery system to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds
Joseph lister
Provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of disease?
lister
What criteria is still use today to establish the link between a microorganism and a disease ?
Knochs postulates
Robert Knoch was able to establish the relationship between bacillus anthracis and what ?
Anthrax
Demonstrated the mycobacterium tuberculosis caused what sickness?
TB
What scientist was able to develop porcelain bacterial filters that were used by Ivanoski and Beijerinck to study the tobacco mosaic disease ?
charles chamberland
study of host defenses
immunology
who used vaccination procedure to protect against small pox
Edward Jenner
What was the significance of Ignaz semmelweis?
He was able to make a connection between cadaveric contamination and the fever affecting the patient in their first clinic. Student would carry contaminating particles on their hand and infect their patients
