Chapter 1: Microbiology Introduction

Question 1

What are Microorganisms?

Answer 1

Organisms too small to be seen with the naked unaided eye

Question 2

list organisms that are cellular…

Answer 2

(Funky People Bake Amazing cakes)
Fungi
Protist
Bacteria
Archaea

Question 3

List the acellular organisms..

Answer 3

“Very Vivid Stories Predict”

Viruses
Viroids
Satellites
Prions

Question 4

How are we able to generate a three-domain system for microorganisms?

Answer 4

Through research based on comparing ribosomal RNA genes

Question 5

Through research based on comparing ribosomal RNA genes, we can generate what three microorganism domain system?

Answer 5

(BAE)
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 6

what are the two types of Microbial cells?

Answer 6

Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells

Question 7

A simple cell with no membrane-enclosed organelles describe what type of cell ?

Answer 7

Prokaryotic cell

Question 8

what type of cell is larger/ more morphologically complex and contains a membrane-enclosed nucleus with organelles?

Answer 8

Eukaryotic Cells

Question 9

List the profile for domain bacteria

Answer 9

• Single-cell: without membrane-bound nucleus
• Most w/ peptidoglycan in cell wall
• live in extreme environments
• Major part in the Human Microbiome
• bt disease cz and non- disease cz

Question 10

list the profile for domain archaea

Answer 10

• SCP
• rRNA sequence distinguishes from Bac.
• unique membrane lipids
• live in extreme environments
• Ds/n directly cz disease in humans

Question 11

what types of Eukarya are unicellular and larger that bacteria and archaea but have an animal like metabolism ?

Answer 11

Protazoa- Protists

Question 12

what types of eukarya are unicellular, larger than bacteria and archaea, and photosynthetic?

Answer 12

Algae- protist

Question 13

what eukarya can be multi or unicellular?

Answer 13

Fungi
yeast- unicellular
molds and mushroom: multicellular

Question 14

What do we use to describe why viruses are not living organisms?

Answer 14

Life:
Need orderly structure
obtain energy
reproduce
( viruses don’t qualify)

Question 15

What were the unique molecules found in the membranes of bacteria of molecular fossils ?

Answer 15

Hopanes/ Hopanoids

Question 16

How many year ago was life present on earth?

Answer 16

3.5-3.8 billion years ago

Question 17

what is the evidence of RNA world Hypothesis ?

Answer 17

-cellular RNA exists/associated with Ribosome
- rRNA catalyzation form peptide bond
- RNA is a sample precursor strand of DNA
- Energy ATP
- regulate gene expression

Question 18

Why did cells on early earth need to be able to use energy sources under harsh conditions?

Answer 18

Earth super hot and lack of oxygen due to iron

Question 19

what makes LUCA most significant to organisms of today?

Answer 19

1. most recent of all 3 types of life
2. Archaea and Eukarya independently evolved
3. A and E diverged from LUCA

Question 20

What does the endosymbiotic hypothesis explain?

Answer 20

Origin of mitochondria, chloroplast, and hydrogenosomes

Question 21

Interaction b/w two organisms in which one lives inside of the other is called?

Answer 21

Endosymbiosis
Endo= inside

Question 22

Mitochondria originated from what endosymbiotic bacteria?

Answer 22

proteobacteria

Question 23

Chloroplast originated from what endosymbiotic bacteria?

Answer 23

Prochloron

Question 24

What are hydrogenosomes?

Answer 24

Anaerobic endosymbiont that makes ATP via fermintation

Question 25

What are we able to use to compare organisms on a evolutionary relationship basis?

Answer 25

Phyletic Classification Systems

Question 26

The science of classifying living things

Answer 26

Taxonomy

Question 26

Descendants of a pure microbial culture are called?

Answer 26

a Strain

Question 26

Define what microbial phylogeny is?

Answer 26

Compare cell wall structure, biomolecules, and NT sequences

Question 26

Strains can differ biochemically but be the same morphologically, and pathogenically T or F?

Answer 26

False they differ in all

Question 27

What can we use to display evolutionary relationship b/w organisms?

Answer 27

Phylogenetic tree

Question 28

In recent research how are we able to define hierarchy in strains?

Answer 28

By the use of metagenomic analysis

Question 28

The idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter describes?

Answer 28

Spontaneous generation

Question 29

Who was Antony Leeuwenhoek?

Answer 29

The first person to observe microorganisms accurately by developing the first simple microscope

Question 30

Scientist that discredited spontaneous generation?

Answer 30

Francesco Reddi

Question 31

How was Redi able to prove that spontaneous generation was false ?

Answer 31

Showed maggots on decaying meat came from flys

Question 32

Scientists rebutted Redi, by observing that some extracts have what it takes to confer life from non-living material?

Answer 32

John Needham

Question 33

what scientist proved hay itself did not make organisms if in a sealed environment

Answer 33

Lazzaro spallanzani

Question 34

Who was Louis Pasteur?

Answer 34

Swan-neck flask experiment - created the flasks with long necks - both heated for microbes to be destroyed - One exposed to air - One left with neck intact - growth only occurs in broken neck flask

Question 35

Scientist that demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms?

Answer 35

John tyndall

Question 36

Scientist that provided evidence for the existence of exceptionally heat resistant forms of bacteria ?

Answer 36

John Tyndall

Question 37

Who found out that heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

Answer 37

Ferdinand cohn

Question 38

Demonstrated the potato blight of Ireland was caused by protozoan

Answer 38

Berkley

Question 38

showed a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus

Answer 38

Agostino Bassi

Question 39

showed fungi caused crop disease

Answer 39

Heinrich de Bary

Question 40

Developed an antiseptic surgery system to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds

Answer 40

Joseph lister

Question 41

Provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of disease?

Answer 41

lister

Question 42

What criteria is still use today to establish the link between a microorganism and a disease ?

Answer 42

Knochs postulates

Question 43

Robert Knoch was able to establish the relationship between bacillus anthracis and what ?

Answer 43

Anthrax

Question 44

Demonstrated the mycobacterium tuberculosis caused what sickness?

Answer 44

TB

Question 45

What scientist was able to develop porcelain bacterial filters that were used by Ivanoski and Beijerinck to study the tobacco mosaic disease ?

Answer 45

charles chamberland

Question 46

study of host defenses

Answer 46

immunology

Question 47

who used vaccination procedure to protect against small pox

Answer 47

Edward Jenner

Question 48

What was the significance of Ignaz semmelweis?

Answer 48

He was able to make a connection between cadaveric contamination and the fever affecting the patient in their first clinic. Student would carry contaminating particles on their hand and infect their patients