Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 111 > EXAM 1 review > Flashcards

EXAM 1 review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Cell Cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the divisions of Interphase?

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?

A
  • This is the longest section

- Here is where most of cells live & organelle making occurs (ribosomes & proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

A
  • “S” for DNA synthesis= replication

- 23 pairs of chromosomes turns to 46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase of Interphase?

A

-This is where the cell prepares for mitosis= making microtubules thats used to pull chromatids apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the order of phases of Mitosis?

A
  • *Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

- PMAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What occurs during Prophase?

A
  • Chromatids condense into chromosomes
  • Mitotic spindle forms
  • Nucleolus disappears
  • Separation of Centrosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs during Prometaphase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks apart due to lipid dissociation =fragmented
  • Chromosomes form 2 kinetochores at the centrosome
  • Microtubules are starting to attach to kinetochores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs during Metaphase?

A

-The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What occurs during Anaphase?

A
  • Sister Chromatids separate & move to their respective poles
  • If the checkpoint is passed=Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) is produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs during Telophase?

A
  • The cell elongates
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Chromosomes unfold back into chromatin
  • Nuclei reappear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What occurs during Cytokinesis?

A
  • The cell starts to pinch= forming Cleavage Furrow

- Daughter cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of cell has replication coupled w/ the segregation of genetic material, has 3 kai genes, has a compacted chromosome?

A

-It is a prokaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of cell has solenoids, actin & myosin filaments that are involved in cytokinesis, sister chromatids that separate during segregation of genetic material?

A
  • It has nucleosomes

- it also has an S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Kinetochore?

A

-It is made up of protein & is the site of microtubule attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a characteristic of Cyclin Dependent Kinase Molecules?

A

-They are a component of Maturation (mitosis) Promoting Factor=MPF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the cell cycle checkpoint occur?

A
  • at G1/S= restriction point=cdk &cyclin
  • end of G2/beginning of P= MPF
  • at Metaphase/ Anaphase transition=APC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when you treat cells with Colchicine? an anticancer drug that binds to tubulin and blocks the assembly & polymerization of microtubules

A

chromosomes can not be moved to the metaphase bc they are reliant on the elongation of the microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Primers?

A

-They are made of RNA & requires primase for their synthesis during replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is DNA Replication for the lagging strand?

A

-The lagging strand is made discontinuously using a template strand running from 5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during DNA replication?

A
  • Hydrogen bonds are normally formed between complementary bases on their interior helix
  • Primase assists in the production of phosphodiester bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is DNA unwound during DNA replication?

A

-It is unwound by Helicase to form the replication fork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When do alleles first segregate during Meiosis?

A

-Anaphase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

At what stage are Cohesins completely degraded in Mitosis?

A

Anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

At what stage are cells that contain 1 homolog of each chromosome produced?

A
  • Meiosis II

- Meiosis I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What makes Mitosis and Meiosis similar?

A
  • They both involve the segregation of genetic material

- They both have checkpoints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Crossing Over?

A
  • Result in recombinant chromosomes

- Occurs during Prophase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What should a pea plant that is homozygous for 3 different loci that assort independently make?

A

-It should only make 1 type of gamete bc its homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the difference between Codominance & Incomplete Dominance?

A
  • The heterozygote shows features of both the parents in Codimance
  • In Incomplete Dominance, the heterozygote is intermediate between the 2 homozygotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Hemizygous?

A

-It is a diploid organism that only has 1 copy of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is true about Keytruda? a drug that has successfully treated jimmy carter’s melanoma cancers?

A
  • It activates immune cells
  • it is an effective treatment for lung cancer
  • it targets receptors on B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the key enzymes in DNA replication?

A
  • Helicase
  • DNA polymerase
  • DNA Primase
  • DNA Ligase
  • Topoismerase
33
Q

What is the job of Helicase?

A
  • AKA unzipping enzyme

- It breaks through the H-bonds that hold the DNA bases together

34
Q

What is the job of DNA Polymerase?

A
  • AKA Bob the builder that only works in 5’ to 3’ direction of the old strand
  • It replicates DNA molecules to build new strand of DNA by adding nucleotides
  • Also has proofreading abilities to ensure no mistakes were made in matching the bases
35
Q

What is the job of DNA Primase?

A
  • AKA the initializer

- It makes the primer so that DNA polymerase can see where to start to work

36
Q

What is Primase made of?

A

-RNA

37
Q

What is the job of DNA Ligase?

A
  • AKA the gluer

- It glues the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand by adding the phosphodiester bonds

38
Q

What is the job of Topoisomerase?

A
  • It helps unwind the tightly found helix by breaking up part of the backbone temporarily
  • It is also the “clip” that keeps DNA from super-coiling
39
Q

What is the process of DNA Replication?

A

1) replication starts at the origin
2) Helicase comes in & unwinds the DNA
3) Primase comes in & makes RNA primers on both strands
4) DNA polymerase builds new strand following the direction of the old strand= 5’ to 3’
5) The primers on the lagging strand get replaced w/ DNA bases
6) DNA Ligase glues the Okazaki fragments together

40
Q

How many origins of replications do Eukaryotes have vs Prokaryotes?

A

-Eukaryotes have multiple while Prokaryotes have 1

41
Q

What happens after Helicase comes in & unwinds the DNA?

A

-Single-Stranded Binding Proteins (SSB) bind to DNA strands to prevent them from touching again after the DNA strands are unzipped

42
Q

How many primers does Primase make on the Leading Strand vs the Lagging Strand?

A

-The leading strand only needs 1 primer for DNA to get to work vs Lagging strand needs several since it is copied in fragments

43
Q

How would the final result of DNA replication be defined as?

A

-Semiconservative bc each new DNA set has 1 old strand & 1 new strand

44
Q

At what phases of the Cell Cycle would we have 2 chromatid chromosomes?

A
  • G2
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
45
Q

At what phases of the Cell Cycle would we have 1 chromatid Chromosomes?

A
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • G1
46
Q

What are the characteristics of Microtubules?

A
  • Made of Protein Tubulin (made up dimers)

- Taking off dimers= shortening of the microtubule

47
Q

What are the proteins that hold the sister chromatids together?

A

-Cohesion proteins

48
Q

How are chromosomes compacted in Eukaryotic cells?

A
  • The DNA is wrapped around Histone Proteins= H2A, H2B, H3 &H4
  • These chains form a beaded necklace= Solenoid
49
Q

What are Centromeres?

A

-They consist of short DNA sequences & hold the sister chromatids together

50
Q

What are Telomeres?

A

-They are repeated short sequences of DNA at the tips of the chromosomes

51
Q

What does Ploidy mean?

A

-It is the number of complete chromosomes in a cell

Eg; sperm & egg cells are haploid bc they only have 1 set

52
Q

What are the 4 compaction levels of DNA?

A

1) Nucleosome= DNA wrapped around Histone protein
2) Solenoid= forms chromatin & associated during interphase= thread-like structure
3) Chromatin Loop
4) Rosettes of Chromatin Loop= forms rosettes on scaffold proteins forming highly condensed DNA

53
Q

What are the 3 things that control the Cell Cycle?

A
  • Cyclins
  • Kinases
  • MPF= Cyclin- cdk complex
54
Q

What is the job of Cyclins in controlling the Cell Cycle?

A

-They are regulatory proteins which increase going into mitosis & decrease coming out

55
Q

What is the job of Kinases in controlling the Cell Cycle?

A

-They are enzymes that phosphorylate (add phosphate groups) to other molecules so that they can work

56
Q

What is the job of MPF?

A
  • cdk is the Cyclin Dependent Kinases which are constant in the cell cycle but can’t work w/o cyclin
  • Our MPF is high when we have cyclin (going into mitosis)
57
Q

Which end of the DNA is the only place were nucleotides can be added?

A

-The 3’ end of DNA

58
Q

How do you do a test cross?

A

-You would need to cross the genotype you want to know with the homozygous recessive version of it

59
Q

What is the job of the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)?

A
  • The APC has jobs in 3 different parts of the cell cycle
  • In MITOSIS the APC helps digest the cohesion proteins that hold the sister chromatids together
  • in MEIOSIS 1 the APC helps digest the synaptonemal complex to allow the homolog pairs to separate
  • in MEIOSIS 2 the APC helps digest cohesion proteins to allow the sister chromatids to separate
60
Q

Where is Cyclin & Kinase present in the Cell Cycle?

A

-Present during the G1/S transition which allows the Initial checkpoint to pass

61
Q

Where is MPF & Kinase present in the Cell Cycle?

A

-Present during the G2/P transition which gets the cell ready for Mitosis

62
Q

Where is APC present?

A

-Present during the A phase for anaphase

63
Q

How is Meiosis described as?

A

-PMAT times 2

64
Q

What are the different stages in Meiosis?

A
  • Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I

- Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

65
Q

What does Interphase look like for Meiosis?

A

-There are 2 sets of chromosomes w/ 2 chromatids each

66
Q

What occurs in Prophase I of Meiosis?

A
  • The chromosomes undergo Synapsis= chromosome from mom & the chromosome from dad attach to each other via Synatomenal Proteins (tetrad)
  • This is also where the chromosomes experience crossing over
67
Q

What happens in Metaphase I of Meiosis?

A
  • The homologous pairs line up on the metaphase plate independently
  • The way they align can vary (blue with blue on same side or blue with red on the same side)
  • The spindle also attaches to the centrosomes of the pairs
68
Q

What happens during Anaphase I of Meiosis?

A
  • The pairs are pulled apart= chromosome goes to their respective pole
  • APC bites away at the Synaptomenal Proteins to help the pairs separate
69
Q

What happens during Telophase I of Meiosis?

A

-The nuclei reforms at each side

70
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis I?

A

-The cell divides= each daughter cell has 1 pair of chromosomes with 2 chromatids

71
Q

What occurs during Prophase II of Meiosis?

A
  • The nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Spindle apparatus forms
  • Centrioles are the ONLY THING that is replicated
72
Q

What occurs during Metaphase II of Meiosis?

A
  • The chromosomes are gonna line up on metaphase plate

- The spindle is gonna attach to the centromeres of the centrosomes

73
Q

What occurs during Anaphase II of Meiosis?

A

-The sister chromatids are gonna be pulled apart and moved to their respective poles of the cell

74
Q

What occurs during Telophase II of Meiosis?

A

-Nuclear membrane reassembles

75
Q

What occurs during Cytokinesis II of Meiosis?

A

-The cells split again resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells that have 1 chromosome pair w/ 1 chromatid

76
Q

What are the similarities between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cell division?

A

-They both involve DNA replication, segregation of genetic material, Division of the cytoplasm

77
Q

What are the Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cell division?

A
  • Prokayotes divide via Binary Fission, They also couple their DNA replication & segregation
  • Eukaryotes divide via Mitosis & they DON’T couple replication & segregation bc they occur at different times during the cell cycle
78
Q

What kind of chromosomes do Prokaryotes have vs Eukaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotes have circular chromosmes= genophore which is compacted via supercoiling
  • Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes that go through different phases of compaction

BIO 111 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions