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BIO 111 > CH 10.5: M Phase- Chromosome Segregation & the Division of Cytoplasmic Contents > Flashcards

CH 10.5: M Phase- Chromosome Segregation & the Division of Cytoplasmic Contents Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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2
Q

When do we know when Prophase has begun?

A

-When the individual condensed chromosomes are visible under a microscope

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3
Q

What process continues through Prophase?

A

-The condensation process

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4
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A
  • The mitotic apparatus forms
  • The assembly of Spindles & Centrioles (animals)
  • The breakdown of the Nuclear Envelope
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5
Q

What happens to the Microtubule structure in the cell that is disassembled in the G2 phase?

A

-It is replaced by the Spindle apparatus

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6
Q

What is the Spindle Apparatus?

A

-It carries out the separation of chromosomes during cell division

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7
Q

What is the Spindle Apparatus made of?

A

-It is made of Microtubules AKA spindle fibers

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8
Q

Where is the Spindle Apparatus assembled?

A

-It is assembled during prophase at the equator of the dividing cell

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9
Q

What happens to the 2 centriole pairs in Animal Cells during Prophase?

A
  • They begin to move apart pretty early on

- They form an axis of microtubules (spindle fibers) between them

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10
Q

What happens when the Centrioles in Animal Cells reach their opposite ends of the cell?

A

-By the time they reach their position, they have established a bridge of microtubules= Spindle Apparatus

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11
Q

What occurs in Plant Cells during Prophase?

A

-A bridge of microtubules also form between the opposite poles of the cells BUT PLANTS DON’T HAVE CENTRIOLES

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12
Q

What is Aster?

A
  • It is present in Animal Cell mitosis ONLY

- It is a branching group of microtubules that extend from the centrioles towards the plasma membrane

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the Aster?

A

-Bracing the centrioles against the membrane & stiffens the point of microtubular attachment during the retraction of the spindle

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14
Q

What happens to the Nuclear Envelope during the formation of the Spindle Apparatus in Prophase?

A

-It breaks down & the ER reabsorbs its components

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15
Q

What are the Microtubules like during the break down of the Nuclear Envelope in Prophase?

A

-Their spindle fibers extend completely across the cell= from one pole to another

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16
Q

What does the orientation of the Microtubule Spindle Fibers determine during Prophase?

A

-It determines the plane where the cell will divide= through the center of the cell at right angles to the spindle apparatus

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17
Q

What happens during Prometaphase?

A
  • Condensed chromosomes attach to spindle via their kinetochores
  • Microtubule attachment
  • Movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell
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18
Q

When does the transition from Prophase to Prometaphase occur?

A

-It occurs after the nuclear envelope breaks down

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19
Q

How many Kinetochores does each Chromosome have?

A

-They have 2= each one attached to the centromere region of each sister chromatid

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20
Q

What happens to the Microtubules in Prometaphase?

A
  • A 2nd group of them grow from poles of cells towards the centromere
  • They are then captured by the kinetochores that are on the sister chromatids=being connected to opposite poles of the spindle
21
Q

Why is it important that the Microtubules are attached to the sister chromatids on opposite poles during Prometaphase?

A
  • So that they can split apart

- And so that a daughter cell won’t be missing that chromosome

22
Q

What are the 2 basic mechs that can be used to move Chromosomes to the equator of the cell during Prometaphase?

A
  • Assembly & disassembly of microtubules provide the force
  • Motor proteins located at kinetochore & poles of the cell pull on microtubules to provide force
23
Q

How can Isolated Chromosomes be pulled during Prometaphase?

A

-Via microtubule disassembly

24
Q

What type of protein is involved in the force during the movement of microtubules in Prometaphase?

A

-Kinetochore proteins

25
Q

What slows down Chromosomal separation at Anaphase?

A

-The inhibition of motor protein Dynein

26
Q

What occurs in Metaphase?

A

-Chromosomes aligning in the center of the cell

27
Q

What is the Metaphase Plate?

A

-It is an indication of the future axis of cell division that is perpendicular to the spindle that passes through the circle of chromosomes along the inner circumference of the cell

28
Q

How do the Chromosomes line up in the Metaphase Plate?

A

-They are positioned by the microtubules attached to the kinetochores of their centromeres

29
Q

What role does Metaphase play?

A

-A transitional phase/ CHECK POINT where all preparations are checked before the action continues

30
Q

What occurs in Anaphase?

A

-The chromatids separate

31
Q

Which phase is the shortest in Mitosis?

A

-Anaphase

32
Q

How does Anaphase begin?

A

-It begins when the Cohesin proteins at the centromere (the one that holds the sister chromatids) are removed

33
Q

What is the key event in Anaphase?

A

-The simultaneous removal of the Cohesin proteins from all chromosomes

34
Q

What happens after the Cohesin proteins are removed from the sister chromatids in Anaphase?

A

-They are quickly pulled toward the poles of where their kinetochores are attached

35
Q

What are the 2 movements that take place at the same time & what are they driven by in Anaphase?

A
  • Anaphase A
  • Anaphase B
  • They are both driven by Microtubules
36
Q

What happens during Anaphase A?

A

-The kinetochores are pulled toward the poles as the microtubules that connect them to the poles shorten

37
Q

How do the Microtubules that connect the Kinetochores to the poles shorten in Anaphase A?

A

-Tubulin subunits are removed from the kinetochore end of microtubules= chromatid-bearing microtubules are being disassembled= chromatids are being pulled closer to poles

38
Q

What happens during Anaphase B?

A
  • The poles move apart as the microtubular spindle fibers physically anchored to opposite poles slide past eachother= away from the center of the cell
  • Chromosomes also move
  • Membrane elongates
39
Q

When is Anaphase completed?

A

-When there are SEPARATED sister chromatids & there’s an accurate split of the replicated genome between the two

40
Q

What occurs during Telophase?

A
  • The nucleus reforms
  • AKA spindle breaks down into tubulin monomers that is used to construct cytoskeletons of daughter cells
  • Nuclear Envelope forms over each set of sister chromatids= Chromosomes since they aren’t attached at centromere anymore
  • Chromosomes start to uncoil into its more extended form
41
Q

How can Telophase be viewed as?

A

-The reversal process of Prophase= bringing cell back into the state of Interphase

42
Q

When is Mitosis complete?

A

-At the end of Telophase

43
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

-The division of the cytoplasm of a cell after its nuclear division (mitosis)

44
Q

How is Cytokinesis achieved in Animal Cells?

A

-By a constricting belt of actin filaments=forming Cleavage Furrow

45
Q

How is Cytokinesis achieved in Plant Cells?

A
  • Via creating a Cell Plate= expanding membrane partition that grows until reaches the interior surface of the plasma membrane & fuses w/ it= divides cell into 2
  • Cellulose is then used to create 2 new cell walls
46
Q

What happens to the space between the daughter cells in the Cytokinesis of Plant Cells?

A

-They become impregnated w/ pectins= Middle Lamena

47
Q

What are the Mitotic Spindles made of?

A

-The protein microtubule

48
Q

What happens to the Spindles that are attached to the chromosomes?

A

-They shorten as they pull the chromosomes to their designated poles

49
Q

What happens to the spindles that are unattached to the chromosomes?

A

-They elongate= stretches the cell

BIO 111 (20 decks)

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