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BIO 111 > CH 10.5: M Phase- Chromosome Segregation & the Division of Cytoplasmic Contents > Flashcards

CH 10.5: M Phase- Chromosome Segregation & the Division of Cytoplasmic Contents Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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2
Q

When do we know when Prophase has begun?

A

-When the individual condensed chromosomes are visible under a microscope

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3
Q

What process continues through Prophase?

A

-The condensation process

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4
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A
  • The mitotic apparatus forms
  • The assembly of Spindles & Centrioles (animals)
  • The breakdown of the Nuclear Envelope
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5
Q

What happens to the Microtubule structure in the cell that is disassembled in the G2 phase?

A

-It is replaced by the Spindle apparatus

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6
Q

What is the Spindle Apparatus?

A

-It carries out the separation of chromosomes during cell division

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7
Q

What is the Spindle Apparatus made of?

A

-It is made of Microtubules AKA spindle fibers

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8
Q

Where is the Spindle Apparatus assembled?

A

-It is assembled during prophase at the equator of the dividing cell

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9
Q

What happens to the 2 centriole pairs in Animal Cells during Prophase?

A
  • They begin to move apart pretty early on

- They form an axis of microtubules (spindle fibers) between them

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10
Q

What happens when the Centrioles in Animal Cells reach their opposite ends of the cell?

A

-By the time they reach their position, they have established a bridge of microtubules= Spindle Apparatus

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11
Q

What occurs in Plant Cells during Prophase?

A

-A bridge of microtubules also form between the opposite poles of the cells BUT PLANTS DON’T HAVE CENTRIOLES

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12
Q

What is Aster?

A
  • It is present in Animal Cell mitosis ONLY

- It is a branching group of microtubules that extend from the centrioles towards the plasma membrane

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the Aster?

A

-Bracing the centrioles against the membrane & stiffens the point of microtubular attachment during the retraction of the spindle

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14
Q

What happens to the Nuclear Envelope during the formation of the Spindle Apparatus in Prophase?

A

-It breaks down & the ER reabsorbs its components

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15
Q

What are the Microtubules like during the break down of the Nuclear Envelope in Prophase?

A

-Their spindle fibers extend completely across the cell= from one pole to another

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16
Q

What does the orientation of the Microtubule Spindle Fibers determine during Prophase?

A

-It determines the plane where the cell will divide= through the center of the cell at right angles to the spindle apparatus

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17
Q

What happens during Prometaphase?

A
  • Condensed chromosomes attach to spindle via their kinetochores
  • Microtubule attachment
  • Movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell
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18
Q

When does the transition from Prophase to Prometaphase occur?

A

-It occurs after the nuclear envelope breaks down

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19
Q

How many Kinetochores does each Chromosome have?

A

-They have 2= each one attached to the centromere region of each sister chromatid

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20
Q

What happens to the Microtubules in Prometaphase?

A
  • A 2nd group of them grow from poles of cells towards the centromere
  • They are then captured by the kinetochores that are on the sister chromatids=being connected to opposite poles of the spindle
21
Q

Why is it important that the Microtubules are attached to the sister chromatids on opposite poles during Prometaphase?

A
  • So that they can split apart

- And so that a daughter cell won’t be missing that chromosome

22
Q

What are the 2 basic mechs that can be used to move Chromosomes to the equator of the cell during Prometaphase?

A
  • Assembly & disassembly of microtubules provide the force
  • Motor proteins located at kinetochore & poles of the cell pull on microtubules to provide force
23
Q

How can Isolated Chromosomes be pulled during Prometaphase?

A

-Via microtubule disassembly

24
Q

What type of protein is involved in the force during the movement of microtubules in Prometaphase?

A

-Kinetochore proteins

25
What slows down Chromosomal separation at Anaphase?
-The inhibition of motor protein Dynein
26
What occurs in Metaphase?
-Chromosomes aligning in the center of the cell
27
What is the Metaphase Plate?
-It is an indication of the future axis of cell division that is perpendicular to the spindle that passes through the circle of chromosomes along the inner circumference of the cell
28
How do the Chromosomes line up in the Metaphase Plate?
-They are positioned by the microtubules attached to the kinetochores of their centromeres
29
What role does Metaphase play?
-A transitional phase/ CHECK POINT where all preparations are checked before the action continues
30
What occurs in Anaphase?
-The chromatids separate
31
Which phase is the shortest in Mitosis?
-Anaphase
32
How does Anaphase begin?
-It begins when the Cohesin proteins at the centromere (the one that holds the sister chromatids) are removed
33
What is the key event in Anaphase?
-The simultaneous removal of the Cohesin proteins from all chromosomes
34
What happens after the Cohesin proteins are removed from the sister chromatids in Anaphase?
-They are quickly pulled toward the poles of where their kinetochores are attached
35
What are the 2 movements that take place at the same time & what are they driven by in Anaphase?
- Anaphase A - Anaphase B - They are both driven by Microtubules
36
What happens during Anaphase A?
-The kinetochores are pulled toward the poles as the microtubules that connect them to the poles shorten
37
How do the Microtubules that connect the Kinetochores to the poles shorten in Anaphase A?
-Tubulin subunits are removed from the kinetochore end of microtubules= chromatid-bearing microtubules are being disassembled= chromatids are being pulled closer to poles
38
What happens during Anaphase B?
- The poles move apart as the microtubular spindle fibers physically anchored to opposite poles slide past eachother= away from the center of the cell - Chromosomes also move - Membrane elongates
39
When is Anaphase completed?
-When there are SEPARATED sister chromatids & there's an accurate split of the replicated genome between the two
40
What occurs during Telophase?
- The nucleus reforms - AKA spindle breaks down into tubulin monomers that is used to construct cytoskeletons of daughter cells - Nuclear Envelope forms over each set of sister chromatids= Chromosomes since they aren't attached at centromere anymore - Chromosomes start to uncoil into its more extended form
41
How can Telophase be viewed as?
-The reversal process of Prophase= bringing cell back into the state of Interphase
42
When is Mitosis complete?
-At the end of Telophase
43
What is Cytokinesis?
-The division of the cytoplasm of a cell after its nuclear division (mitosis)
44
How is Cytokinesis achieved in Animal Cells?
-By a constricting belt of actin filaments=forming Cleavage Furrow
45
How is Cytokinesis achieved in Plant Cells?
- Via creating a Cell Plate= expanding membrane partition that grows until reaches the interior surface of the plasma membrane & fuses w/ it= divides cell into 2 - Cellulose is then used to create 2 new cell walls
46
What happens to the space between the daughter cells in the Cytokinesis of Plant Cells?
-They become impregnated w/ pectins= Middle Lamena
47
What are the Mitotic Spindles made of?
-The protein microtubule
48
What happens to the Spindles that are attached to the chromosomes?
-They shorten as they pull the chromosomes to their designated poles
49
What happens to the spindles that are unattached to the chromosomes?
-They elongate= stretches the cell

BIO 111 (20 decks)

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