CH 10.2 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

-It is the process in Eukaryotic cells replicated chromosomes are separated into 2 nuclei= daughter cells

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2
Q

What is the range of Chromosomes that most Eukaryotes have?

A

10 to 50 chromosomes

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3
Q

What is Monosomy?

A

-It is the condition where human embryos are missing 1 chromosome= fatal

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4
Q

What is Trisomy?

A

-It is the condition where human embryos have an extra copy of anyone chromosome= usually fatal unless its a smaller chromosome

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5
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

-It is the organized view of all 23 human chromosomes under a light microscope

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6
Q

What does Haploid mean?

A
  • One complete set of chromosomes necessary to define an organism
  • Represented as (n)
  • So for humans it n=23
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7
Q

What is does Diploid mean?

A
  • It is the total number of chromosomes in a cell
  • Represented as (2n) bc its twice the haploid number
  • SO for humans 2n=46
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8
Q

What are Chromosomes made up of?

A
  • Chromatin

- Also has hella RNA

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9
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

-It is a complex of 40% DNA & 60% Protein

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10
Q

Why is RNA present in Chromosomes?

A

-Bc Chromosomes are the sites for RNA synthesis

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11
Q

What do Chromosomes contain?

A

-a single uninterrupted DNA molecule

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12
Q

How many Nucleotides does a human Chromosome have?

A

140 million

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13
Q

What is the average length of a stretched out DNA strand in a human chromosome?

A

4.3 cm

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14
Q

What is Heterochromatin?

A
  • It is the part of a eukaryotic chromosome that IS NOT transcribed into RNA= not active
  • Remains condensed in Interphase & stains in histological preps
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15
Q

What is Euchromatin?

A
  • It is the part of the eukaryotic chromosome that IS transcribed into mRNA=active
  • It contains active genes that not tightly condensed during interphase
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16
Q

What is Nucleosome?

A

-It is a complex of DNA wrapped around 8 Histone proteins

17
Q

What are Histone Proteins?

A

-They are positively charged= attracted to the negative charge of DNA= DNA coils around them forming Nucleosome

18
Q

What are the 6 levels of Eukaryotic Chromosomal Organization?

A

1) Mitotic chromosome
2) Rosettes of chromatin loops= have scaffold proteins at loops
3) Chromatin loop= scaffold proteins at tips
4) Solenoid
5) Nucleosome= DNA wrapped around Histone core
6) DNA double helix= Duplex

19
Q

What are the 4 primary Histones that Nucleosomes contain?

A

H2A
H2B
H3
H4

20
Q

What is a Histome Octamer?

A

-It acts like a spool that DNA is wound around

21
Q

What makes up the Histome Octamer?

A

-The 4 primary histones associate together to a form a large complex

22
Q

How do we get the “beads on a string” look?

A
  • By wrapping 147bp in 1.7 left handed turns around the Histome Ocatmer to form nucleosome core
  • THEN it is separated by variable length of DNA od 20-80bp= Linker DNA
23
Q

What are Chromosomes doing during Cell division?

A

-They are being condensed and decondensed

24
Q

When do Chromosomes oscillate between being condensed & decondensed?

A
  • Chromosomes condense to allow separation of chromosomes during cell division
  • And they decondense after separation
25
Q

What protein is involved in the Condensation/ Decondensation of chromosomes?

A

-Condensin

26
Q

What does protein Condensin include?

A

-2 SMC proteins that are related to the SMC proteins in bacterial nucleoid compaction

27
Q

How does Condensin condense the chromosomes?

A

-It does this by using energy from ATP hydrolysis to cause the DNA looping & constrain them into the x shape

28
Q

What is Cohesin?

A
  • It is the protein that holds the sister chromatids together during cell division
  • It also breaks down during the process of mitosis to allow for the sister chromatids to separate fully
29
Q

What is a Sister Chromatid?

A

-It is 2 identical copies of a single chromosome & are held together at their centromeres by the cohesin protein after DNA replication

30
Q

What Are Homologous Chromosomes?

A

-They are maternal & paternal copies of the same chromosome (Ex chromosome 22)

31
Q

What is Kinetochore?

A

-It is composed of proteins that are found at the centromere that attaches to microtubules during mitosis

32
Q

What problem does the cell face in terms of its chromosomes & how does it solve it?

A
  • The cell has to make sure that each new cell receives a complete set of chromosomes
  • It glues replication products in the centromere & mitosis separates them
33
Q

What is the higher-order structure of a Chromatin?

A

-An organized crystal or disorganized liquid