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Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 > EXAM 1 review > Flashcards

EXAM 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Mind-Brain Problem?

A

-It is the relationship between mental experience & brain activity

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2
Q

What does your mental experience depend on?

A

-It depends on activity of a huge number of separate but interconnected cells

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3
Q

What are the 4 categories of Behavior?

A
  • Physiological
  • Ontogenetic
  • Evolutionary
  • Functional
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4
Q

What is the Physiological category of behavior?

A

-Activity of the brain & other organs

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5
Q

What is the Ontogenetic category of behavior?

A

-Describes the development,origins, genetics

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6
Q

What is the Evolutionary category of behavior?

A

-The history of behavior

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7
Q

What is the Functional category of behavior?

A

-describes why we have the certain behavior

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8
Q

What is Behavioral Neuroscience?

A
  • It is the study of evolutionary, physiological, & developmental mechs of behavior and experience
  • It has a strong emphasis on brain functioning
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9
Q

What is Behavioral Nueroscience’s overall goal?

A

-To relate the issues of psychology to biology

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10
Q

What are the 6/7 universal emotions?

A

-Anger, fear, disgust, surprise happiness, sadness, contempt

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11
Q

What do the 6/7 Universal emotions convey?

A

-It conveys that there is a genetic contribution to facial expressions

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12
Q

What are Ethics?

A

-They are a system of moral principles that govern the appropriate conduct for a person/group

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13
Q

What are the 2 sides of Animal Research?

A
  • Minimalists

- Abolitionists

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14
Q

What is the Minimalist side of Animal Research?

A

-They believe in strict laws, the type of animal used& the amount of stress induced

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15
Q

What is the Abolitionist side of Animal Research?

A

-They against research=believes that all animals have the same rights as humans & that animals cannot give informed consent

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16
Q

Why are animals used in research in the first place?

A
  • Because undelying mechs of behavior are similar=sheds light on humans
  • Interested in studying their behavior for their own sake
  • Some experiments don’t allow experimentation on humans=legal restrictions
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17
Q

What are the 3 R’s of research?

A
  • Reduction= using fewer animals
  • Replacement=use of computer models
  • Refinement= modifying the procedure to reduce pain & discomfort
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18
Q

What must we consider when doing research on other animals?

A
  • Cost/ Benefit ratio

- Justification of research considers the amount of benefit gained

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19
Q

What are the 2 sides of the spectrum in terms of animal research?

A
  • Deontological=Moral absolute & no harming animals

- Utilitarian=pragmatic ethics/consequences & benefits gained to human society

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20
Q

What is the total number of neurons in the brain?

A

86 billion neurons

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21
Q

What part of the brain has the most amount of neurons?

A

-The cerebellum= 70 billion neurons

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22
Q

How many neurons does the Cerebral cortex & associated areas have?

A

12-15 billion neurons

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23
Q

How many neurons are in the Spinal Chord?

A

1 billion neurons

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24
Q

How big are neurons?

A

4-100 microns in diameter (.004-1mm)

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25
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cells?

A
  • Neurons

- Glia

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26
Q

What role do Glia cells play?

A

-They are cells in the Nervous System that function as support

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27
Q

What are the 5 types of Glia?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Swann Cells
  • Radial Glia
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28
Q

What are the 2 roles of Astrocytes?

A
  • Help synchronize activity of the axon=wraps around the presynaptic terminal & taking up chemicals released by the axon
  • They also dilate blood vessels to bring more nutrients into brain areas that have more activity
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29
Q

What is the role of Microglia?

A
  • Removal of waste material,viruses, fungi from the brain

- Removal of dead/ dying & damaged neurons

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30
Q

since Oligodendrocytes & Swann cells have the same role, what set’s them apart?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes are located in the brain & spinal chord
  • Swann cells are in the periphery of the body
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31
Q

What is the role of Oligodendrocytes & Swann cells?

A

-They build the myelin sheath that surrounds & insulate certain vertebrate axons

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32
Q

What is the role of Radial Glia cells?

A

-They guide the migration of neurons & the growth of their axons & dendrites during embryonic development

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33
Q

What is the definition of a Neuron?

A

They recieve & transmit info to other cells

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34
Q

What parts does a Neuron have?

A

-Axons, axon hillock, nucleus, soma, dendrites, myelin sheath, terminal buttons

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35
Q

What are the 2 types of neurons?

A
  • Motor

- Sensory

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36
Q

What are the key characteristics of Motor Neurons?

A
  • The soma is on its spinal chord

- It receives excitation from other neurons & conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle gland

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37
Q

What is the role of a Sensory Neuron?

A

-It is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation

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38
Q

What are the 4 major components of a Neuron?

A

-Dendrites, soma, axon, pre-synaptic terminals

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39
Q

What role do Dendrites play?

A
  • They are branching fibers w/ surface lined w/ synaptic receptors that responsible for bringing info into the neuron
  • the greater the surface area, the more info it can recieve
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40
Q

What do some Dendrites have?

A

-Dendritic Spines= branch out further= increases surface area of dendrite

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41
Q

What is the role of the Soma?

A
  • It contains the nucleus, ribsomes, mitochondria
  • Responsible for the metabolic work of a neuron
  • Covered w/ synapses on its surface in many neurons
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42
Q

What are the key characteristics of the Axon?

A
  • It is a thin fiber of neuron
  • Has a myelin sheath= insulating material that has little gaps= Nodes of Ranvier
  • Has presynaptic terminals at the end
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43
Q

What is the role of the Axon?

A
  • Responsible for transmitting nerve impulses (info) towards other neurons, organs, muscles
  • Its presynaptic terminals release chemicals to communicate w/ other neurons
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44
Q

What are the 3 different types of categories for Axons?

A
  • Afferent
  • Efferent
  • Intrinsic/ Interneurons
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45
Q

What is the category of Afferent Axons?

A

-They bring information INTO a structure

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46
Q

What is the category of Efferent Axons?

A

-They carry info OUT of the structure

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47
Q

What is the category of Intrinsic/Interneurons?

A

-They have dendrites & axons completely contained in a single structure

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48
Q

What are key characteristics of the Myelin Sheath?

A
  • It is an insulating material made of fats & proteins

- It has gaps= Nodes of Ranvier

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49
Q

What is the role of the Myelin Sheath?

A
  • It has gaps that regenerate the action potential by a chain of positively charged ions pushed along of the pervious segment
  • Basically allows the message to get transferred to a neuron faster
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50
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction?

A

-It is the jumping of action potential from node to node

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51
Q

What is the role of Saltatory Conduction?

A

-It provides rapid conduction of impulses= conserves energy for the cell

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52
Q

What does Multiple Sclerosis have to do with the Myelin Sheath?

A
  • Multiple Sclerosis is the disease in which the myelin sheath is destroyed
  • This causes poor muscle coordination, vision impairments, fatigue
  • Theres no cure= must be focused on prevention
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53
Q

What determines the neuron’s connection to other neurons?

A
  • The shape of the neuron

- The function is also related to the shape of the neuron

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54
Q

What is the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A

-It is a mech that surrounds the brain & blocks most chemicals for entering like viruses & bacteria

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55
Q

What CANNOT cross the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A

-Most large molecules & electrically charged ones

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56
Q

What kind of molecules CAN cross the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A

-Small uncharged molecules= Oxygen & Carbon dioxide

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57
Q

How does the Blood-Brain Barrier work?

A

-It uses Active Transport= protein mediated process that uses energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

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58
Q

What chemicals are brought into the brain via Active Transport?

A

-Glucose, certain hormones, amino acids, few vitamins

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59
Q

What kind of difficulties would the Blood-Brain Barrier pose?

A

-It can be difficult to allow certain chemicals to pass like chemotherapy drugs

60
Q

What do vertebrate neurons depend on?

A
  • Glucose= 25%

- A steady supply of oxygen= 20%

61
Q

What vitamin does the body need to use glucose?

A

-Thiamine

62
Q

What is the result of Thiamine deficiency?

A
  • Death of neurons

- Present in Korskoffs syndrome= result of chronic alchoholism & marked by memory impairment

63
Q

What is the language of Neurons?

A

-Electrical message that is transmitted down the axon of a neuron

64
Q

What is the range of speed of a nerve impulse?

A

1-100 meters/sec or 268 mph

65
Q

What kind of membrane does a neuron have?

A

-A selectively permeable membrane= Sodium-potassium pump

66
Q

What chemicals pass freely through the neuron membrane?

A

-Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride

67
Q

What are the key characteristics of the Sodium-Potassium pump?

A
  • It is a protein complex

- It pumps 3 sodium ions out while drawing in 2 potassium ions into the cell via ATP

68
Q

What is the role of the Sodium-Potassium pump?

A

-It helps maintain the electrical gradient

69
Q

What is the resting potential for a neuron?

A
  • 70mV

- The inside is slightly more negative than outside

70
Q

What does a neuron do at rest?

A

-It maintains its electrical gradient=polarization

71
Q

What is an Electrical Gradient?

A

-It is the difference of charge between the inside & outside of the cell

72
Q

When does Depolarization occur?

A

-When sodium ions go into the cell= increasing mV

73
Q

When does Repolarization occur?

A

-When potassium ions go out of the cell= decreasing mV

74
Q

When does Hyperpoloarization occur?

A

-When the action potential dips below the threshold level

75
Q

What occurs when the membrane is at rest?

A

-The sodium channels are closed

76
Q

When do the Sodium channels open?

A

-When there is enough stimulation in the nerve cell= positive charged sodium ions rush in= nerve impulse occurs

77
Q

How is the neuron returned to resting state?

A

-by opening the potassium channels= the potassium ions flow out due to concentration gradient

78
Q

What happens after an impulse is fired?

A

-The neuron enters a refractory period= rests until the production of another action potential

79
Q

What are the 2 types of Refractory periods?

A
  • Absolute

- Relative

80
Q

What is the Absolute Refractory Period?

A

-It is the first part where the membrane cannot produce an action potential

81
Q

What is the Relative Refractory Period?

A

-Second part in which it takes a stronger than usual stimulus to trigger the action potential

82
Q

What is Hyperpolarization?

A

-INCREASING difference (polarization) between electrical charge

83
Q

What is Depolarization?

A

-DECREASING the difference (polarization) towards zero

84
Q

What are the Nerve-Impulse rules?

A
  • All-or-None law= amplitude & velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that started it
  • Action potential are equal in the speed within a given neuron
85
Q

What are the characteristics of Local Neurons?

A
  • They have shorter axons= exchanges info w/ only neurons close by
  • They also don’t produce an action potential
86
Q

What happens to Local Neurons when they are stimulated?

A

-They produce graded potentials= membrane potentials that vary in magnitude & don’t follow the all-or-nothing law

87
Q

What do local anesthetics do?

A

-They block the sodium channels=prevent action potentials from occurring

88
Q

What is a Synapse?

A
  • AKA Synaptic Cleft
  • It is the specialized gap between neurons
  • It is hella fast= faster than .01 microsecs
89
Q

How big is a Synapse?

A

20-30 nm in width

90
Q

How many synapses do we have?

A

100 trillion

91
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

-By transmitting chemicals at the synapses

92
Q

What are key characteristics of Electrical Synapses?

A
  • They are faster than all chemical transmissions
  • They have a gap junction= direct contact of the membranes of neurons
  • Depolarization occurs in both cells= 2 neurons acting as one
93
Q

What are the 2 types of synapsis a neuron can be?

A
  • Presynaptic

- Postsynaptic

94
Q

What is the role of a Presynaptic neuron?

A

-It is the neuron that delivers the synaptic transmission

95
Q

What is the role of a Postsynaptic neuron?

A

-The neuron that recieves the message

96
Q

What are PSP’s?

A
  • Post Synaptic Potentials

- come in 2 types

97
Q

What are the 2 types of PSP’s?

A
  • Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential= EPSP

- Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential= IPSP

98
Q

What is the role of EPSP’s?

A
  • They are graded depolarization
  • The cumulative effects are the basis for temporal & spatial summation
  • Increases the number of action potentials above the spontaneous firing rate
99
Q

What is the role of IPSP’s?

A
  • Temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane
  • Supresses excitation when input of K and CL= makes neurons less likely to fire
  • Decreases the number of action potentials below the spontaneous firing rate
100
Q

What are the 2 inputs a synapse can have?

A
  • Temporal= 1 person texting you continuously

- Spatial= a text from several people

101
Q

What does the likelihood of an action potential depend on?

A

-The ratio of IPSP’s & EPSP’s at a given moment

102
Q

What are Neurotransmitters?

A

-Chemicals that travel across the synapse & allows communication between neurons

103
Q

What’s the difference between smaller & larger neurotransmitters?

A
  • Smaller ones= synthesized in presynaptic terminal & help there for release
  • Larger ones= synthesized in the soma & transported down the axon
104
Q

What are Synaptic Vessicles?

A

-They are tiny spherical packets of drugs located at the presynaptic terminal

105
Q

How many neurotransmitters do individual neurons release?

A

20 or more

106
Q

What are the 6 classes of neurotransmitters?

A

-Amino acids, modified animoacids, monoamines,neuropeptides, purines, gases

107
Q

What is in the Amino Acid class of neurotransmitters?

A

-Glutamate, GABA, Glycine, Asparate

108
Q

What is in the modified amino acid class of neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine

109
Q

What is in the monoamine class of neurotransmitters?

A

-Seratonin, dopamine, epinephrine

110
Q

What is in the neuropeptide class of neurotransmitters?

A

-Endorphins, substance P, neuropeptide Y

111
Q

What is in the purine class of neurotransmitters?

A

-ATP, adenosine

112
Q

What is in the gasses class of neurotransmitters?

A

-nitrous oxide

113
Q

What are the 7 major events in transmission of a synapse?

A

1) neuron synthesizes chemicals that serve as neurotransmitters
2) action potentials travel down the axon
3) released molecules diffuse across synaptic cleft & attach to receptors (lock & key)= alters activity of postsynaptic neuron
4) neurotransmitter separates from their receptor
5) Reuptake= neurotransmitters taken back into the presynaptic neuron for recycling/ diffusing away
6) post synaptic cells may send reverse messages to slow down the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic cells
7) negative feedback sites respond to retrograde transmitter or presynaptic’s own transmitter

114
Q

What is the difference between an Agonist & Antagonist?

A
  • An Agonist enhances the effects of a drug

- An Antagonist blocks the effects

115
Q

What are Hormones?

A

-They are chemicals secreted by a gland or other cells & is transported to other organs by the blood & alters the activities there

116
Q

What gland produces Hormones?

A

-Endocrine gland

117
Q

What is Phrenology?

A

-The process of relating skull anatomy to behavior

118
Q

What is an Ablation?

A

-It is the removal of a brain area

119
Q

What is a lesion?

A

-The damage to a brain area thats purposefully done for research

120
Q

What is a Sterotatix instrument?

A

-It is used to damage the structures of the interior of the brain

121
Q

What is the role of TMS?

A
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Intense magnetic field to temporarily de-activate neurons= allows researchers to study behavior in active & non-active areas
122
Q

What are Meninges?

A

-They are membranes that surround the brain & spinal chord, they also contain receptors

123
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

-Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

124
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

-It contains the pre-frontal cortex & pre-central gyrus

125
Q

What is the role of the pre-central gyrus?

A
  • AKA Primary motor cortex

- responsible for control of fine motor movement

126
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • It is the integration center for all sensory info & other areas of the cortex
  • reponsible for higher functionings= abstract thinking/planning & our ability to remember recent events (working memory)
127
Q

What is the role of the Parietal Lobe?

A
  • Contains the postcentral gyrus
  • Is responsible for processing & integrating info about eye, head, body positions via messages from muscles & joints
128
Q

What is the role of the postcentral gyrus?

A
  • AKA Primary Somatosensory Cortex

- It is the primary target for touch sensations & info from muscle stretch & joint receptors

129
Q

What is the role of the Occipital Lobe?

A
  • AKA Striate Cortex/ Primary Visual Cortex

- It is responsible for visual input

130
Q

What is the role of the Temporal Lobe?

A
  • Target for auditory info & essential for processing spoken language
  • Also responsible for complex aspects of vision, movement, some emotional/motivational behaviors
131
Q

What are the 2 subsystems of the Nervous System?

A
  • Central nervous system

- Peripheral nervous system

132
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

-Brain & Spinal Chord

133
Q

What is the Dorsal Root Ganglia?

A

-they are cell bodies of sensory neurons that are clustered outside the spinal chord

134
Q

What is the spinal chord made of?

A

-Grey matter & White matter

135
Q

What is the grey matter of the spinal chord?

A

-it is located at the center for the spinal cord & densely packed w/ cell bodies & dendrites

136
Q

What is the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

-It is mostly myelinated axons that carries info from grey matter to brain or other areas

137
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system comprised of?

A

-Somatic & autonomic

138
Q

What is the role of the somatic nervous system?

A
  • They convey sensory info to CNS

- & transmit messages for motor movement from the CNS to the body

139
Q

What is the role of the Autonomic nervous system?

A
  • it sends & recieves messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body (heart rate, breathing)
  • It is divided into 2 subsystems
140
Q

What are the 2 subsystems of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

-Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

141
Q

What is the role of the Sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • it is the network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activites= fight or flight response
  • It mainly uses norepinephrine as neurotransmitter & later metabolizes to epinephrine (adrenaline)
142
Q

What is the role fo the Parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • facilitiates vegetative, non emergency responses
  • Dominant during our relaxed states
  • Acetylcholine is released as neurotransmitter
143
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

A
  • Hindbrain
  • midbrain
  • forebrain
144
Q

What is the role of the hindbrain?

A

-it consits of the medulla (vital reflexes), pons (arousal), cerebellum (regulate motor movement & balance)

145
Q

What does the midbrain consist of?

A
  • Tectum= roof of midbrain
  • Superior & inferior colliculus= processes sensory info
  • Tagmentum= contains nuclei for cranial nerves & part of reticular formation
  • Substrantia Nigra= gives rise to dopamine-containing pathway= readiness of movement
146
Q

What is the role of the forebrain?

A
  • consists of 2 hemispheres
  • each side recieves info & controls the opposite side of the body
  • joined by corpus callosum & interior commissure

Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 (10 decks)

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