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Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 > CH 4: Genetics, evolution, Development & Plasticity > Flashcards

CH 4: Genetics, evolution, Development & Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What is Neurolaw?

A

-It is giving more lenient sentencing based upon a person’s genetic makeup

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2
Q

Does human behavior depend on genetics, environmental influences or both?

A

-Both bc its Nature & Nurture topic

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3
Q

What are Genes at said by Mendel?

A

-They are discrete units of heredity

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4
Q

What is the key form of Genes?

A

-They come in pairs= alleles

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5
Q

What is a Gene?

A

-They are a portion of a chromosome composed of DNA

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6
Q

What is the job of DNA?

A

-It serves as the model for the synthesis of RNA

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7
Q

What are the key functions of RNA?

A
  • It is a single strand chemical that serves as a template for protein synthesis (this template would be mRNA)
  • It controls the sequences of amino acids in a protein molecule
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8
Q

What are the key functions of Proteins?

A

-They determine the development of the body by forming part of the structure of the body & serves as enzymes=biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body

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9
Q

What do the sequences of bases along a DNA strand determine?

A

-It determines the order of bases along a strand of RNA

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

-23 chromosomes

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do we have compared to autosomes?

A
  • We have 1 sex chromosome (Y chromosome makes baby male)

- We have 22 autosomes

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12
Q

When does a Dominant Gene show?

A

-It shows a strong effect in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions

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13
Q

When does a Recessive Gene show?

A

-It shows its effect only in homozygous conditions

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14
Q

When does an intermediate gene show?

A

-It occurs in a phenotype where this is incomplete dominance in the heterozygous conditions (skin color, hair color)

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15
Q

What are Autosomal genes?

A

-They are basically all other genes except for the sex-linked ones

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16
Q

What are Sex-linked genes?

A
  • They are genes located on the X of the sex-chromosomes

- The X chromosome is also present in both sexes but only effects females

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17
Q

What is a Mutation?

A

-It is a heritable change in DNA molecule

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18
Q

What is Microduplication/ Micro detection?

A

-It is part of a chromosome that might appear once, twice or not at all

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19
Q

Example of Microduplication?

A

-Schizophrenia bc of the brain relevant genes

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20
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A

-It is the field concerned w/ changed in gene expression w/o the modification of the DNA sequence

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21
Q

What is the explanation for differences between monozygotic (identical) twins?

A

-Epigenetics boi

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22
Q

What alters the activity of Genes?

A

-Experiences

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23
Q

How is a Gene turned on?

A

-When an acetyl group is added, histone protein loosens its grip on DNA= facilitates gene expression

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24
Q

How is a Gene turned off?

A

-When a methyl group is added to promoter, it turns off the gene

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25
Q

How can traits w/ strong hereditary influence be modified?

A

-Environmental influence (ex. can effect PKU)

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26
Q

What is PKU?

A

-Phenylketonuria= genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

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27
Q

How can PKU be effected by environmental influence?

A

-If you change your diet to avoid high PKU foods

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28
Q

What is the relationship between Genes & Behavior?

A
  • Genes produce proteins that increase the probability that a behavior will develop under certain circumstances
  • They can have an indirect impact affect
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29
Q

How can genes alter your Environment?

A

-Via producing behaviors or traits that alter how people in your environment react to you

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30
Q

What is Artificial Selection?

A

-Selecting plants/animals for desired traits

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31
Q

What is the fundamental issue of the relationship between genes and behavior?

A

-It is HOW MUCH genes and environment play into shaping human behaviors?

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32
Q

When does CNS begin to form for an embryo?

A

-at 2 weeks

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33
Q

How does the brain begin to form?

A
  • The dorsal tube thickens= forms neural tube surrounding fluid-filled cavity
  • The forward enlarges & turns into hindbrain, midbrain & forebrain
  • The rest of the neural tube becomes the spinal chord
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34
Q

What does the Spinal Chord need in order to develop?

A

-Folic acid

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35
Q

What does the Fluid-Filled (cerebral spinal fluid) cavity become?

A
  • It becomes the central canal of the spinal cord

- And the 4 ventricles of the brain

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36
Q

How much does the human brain weigh at birth?

A

350 grams

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37
Q

How much does an adult brain weigh?

A

1,200-1,400 grams= 3lbs

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38
Q

What are the 5 processes for the development of neurons?

A

1) proliferation
2) migration
3) differentiation
4) mylination
5) synaptogenesis

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39
Q

What is the Proliferation stage of neuron formation?

A

-It is the production of new cells/neurons that occurs early in life

40
Q

What 3 things happen during the Proliferation stage?

A
  • The cells lining the ventricles divide
  • Some cells become stem cells= continues to divide
  • Others stay where they are or become neurons/glia that migrate to other locations
41
Q

What is the Migration stage of Neuron Formation?

A

-The newly formed neurons & glia move to their eventual locations

42
Q

What process takes place during the Migration stage?

A

-It occurs via cells following chemical path in the brain (immunogloblins & chemokines)

43
Q

What happens if there’s a deficiency in immunoglobins & chemokines during Migration stage?

A
  • Impaired migration
  • Decreased brain size
  • Cognitive disability
44
Q

What is the Differentiation stage of Neuron formation?

A

-It is the formation of axon & dendrites= gives neurons their shape

45
Q

What processes takes place during the Differentiation stage?

A

-The axon grows first then the dendrites develop

46
Q

What makes neurons different from one another?

A

-Size and chemical component depending on their location in the brain

47
Q

What is the Myelination stage of Neuron Formation?

A

-It is the process where glia produces the fatty sheath that covers the axons of some neurons

48
Q

Where does Myelination first occur?

A

-In the spinal cord, then in the hindbrain, midbrain, & forebrain

49
Q

What is the Synaptogenesis stage of Neural development?

A

-It is the development & formation of synapsis between neurons

50
Q

What processes occur during the synaptogenesis stage?

A

-It occurs throughout life as neurons & are constantly forming new connections while discarding the old ones

51
Q

What are Stem cells?

A

-They are undifferentiated cells found in the interior of the brain= generates daughter cells= can transform into glia or neurons in olfactory bulb

52
Q

What do new olfactory receptors do?

A

-They continually replace dying ones

53
Q

What are Rosehip neurons?

A
  • They are a new discovery
  • Are unique to primates & humans that forms connections w/ pyramidal
  • They are a dense bundle of neurons clustered around the nucleus
  • Inhibitory neurons serve as traffic cops
54
Q

What is the lifespan of Skin neurons?

A

-They are the newest= under a year old

55
Q

What is the life span of heart cells?

A

-They are actually as old as the person, we don’t get new heart cells

56
Q

What is the life span of neurons in mammalian cerebral cortexes?

A

-Actually no new/ very few formations of neurons after birth

57
Q

How do axons reach their appropriate target?

A

-They follow a gradient of chemicals ( they are attracted to some but repelled by others)

58
Q

What is a Neurotrophin?

A

-It is a chemical that promotes the survival & activity of neurons

59
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

-It is a preprogrammed mech of cell death for axons that aren’t exposed to neurotrophins after making connections

60
Q

What is the Nerve Growth factor?

A
  • aka NGF

- It is a type of neurotrophin replaced by muscles that promote the survival & growth of axons

61
Q

What allows the brain to have the exact number of incoming axons to the number of receiving cells?

A

-The system of overproducing neurons & then applying apoptosis

62
Q

What is the purpose of Neurotrophins?

A

-They increase the branching on axons & dendrites throughout life

63
Q

What is critical for normal development later in life?

A

-Precise chemical environment bc chemical distortions can cause impairment & developmental problems

64
Q

What is Fetal Alchohol Syndrome?

A

-A condition that children are born with when their mom drinks heavily during pregnancy

65
Q

How is Fetal Alchohol Syndrome marked?

A
  • Hyperactivity & impulsiveness
  • Difficulty maintaining attention
  • Varying degrees of cognitive disability
  • Motor problems & heart defects
  • Facial abnormalities
66
Q

What are the neural characteristics of kids with Fetal Alchohol syndrome?

A
  • They have dendrites w/ short branches
  • Suppressed glutamate & enhanced release of GABA
  • Neurons receive less excitation & exposure to neurotrophins & undergo apoptosis
67
Q

What are the characteristics of children who were born from cocaine-using mothers?

A

-They have a decrease in language skills, slight decrease in IQ score, impaired hearing

68
Q

What are the characteristics of children who were born to mothers who used nicotine?

A

-Increased risk for low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, ADHD, long term intellectual defects, impairment of the immune system

69
Q

What can the brain do in response to experience?

A

-It has the limited ability to reorganize itself

70
Q

What does the gain & loss of dendritic spines indicate?

A

-It indicates new connections & new info processing

71
Q

What is the relationship between being raised in a vibrant environment w/ others & dendrites?

A

-If you’re raised w/ others you have more dendritic branches and a thicker cortex

72
Q

What effect does extensive practice have on the brain?

A

-It reorganizes the brain in a way that improves the ability for that skill/maximizes performance

73
Q

What is Focal Hand Dystonia?

A
  • AKA musicians cramp

- makes fingers clumsy, tired, & produce involuntary movements

74
Q

Why does Focal Hand Dystonia occur?

A

-Bc theres extensive reorganization of the sensory thalamus & cortex= responses to one finger overlap those of another

75
Q

What is Plasticity?

A
  • The ability to strengthen neural connections @ synapses & establish new connections
  • This is also the basis to form new memories & learn new things
76
Q

What do survivors of brain damage show in terms of recovery?

A

-Subtle to significant behavioral recovery depending on the severity of the damage

77
Q

What do some of the mechs include when trying to recover from brain damage?

A

-Mechs similar to the branching of axons & dendrites

78
Q

What are the possible causes for brain damage?

A
  • Tumors
  • Infections
  • Exposure to toxic substances
  • Degenerative diseases
  • Closed- head injuries (concussions)
79
Q

What are the 3 types of strokes?

A
  • Ischemia
  • Hemorrhage
  • Aneurism
80
Q

What is Ischemia?

A
  • The most common type of stroke
  • caused by blood clot/ obstruction of an artery
  • Results in Neurons losing their oxygen & glucose supply
81
Q

What is Hemorrhage?

A
  • Less frequent type of stroke
  • Caused by a ruptured artery
  • Results in neurons being flooded w/ excess blood, calcium, oxygen, other chemicals
82
Q

What do both Ischemia & Hemorrhage lead to?

A
  • Edema

- They can also impair the Na/K pump which leads to an accumulation of Na in neurons

83
Q

What is Edema?

A

-The accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain & increasing the probability of having further strokes

84
Q

How does Edema & the excess of Na occur?

A
  • They trigger the release of Glutamate which opens the Na/Ca channels
  • This leads to overstimulation of neurons= damaging neurons & synapses
85
Q

What are some treatments after stroke?

A
  • Drugs that breaks up blood clots or blocks Ca entry
  • Weed
  • Omega 3 fatty acids
86
Q

How can the application of Omega 3- Fatty acids be used as treatment after brain damage (stroke)

A
  • Omega 3’s are a large component of cell membranes

- They block apoptosis & other neural damage

87
Q

What is Diaschisis?

A

-Decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

88
Q

What can happen to the brain after brain damage has occurred?

A

-The cell bodies cannot be replaced BUT the damaged axons can grow back under certain circumstances (therapy)

89
Q

How much can damaged axons regenerate in mature mammals?

A

1-2 mm

90
Q

What can scar tissue do?

A

-It makes a mechanical barrier to axon growth

91
Q

What are Collateral Sprouts?

A
  • New branches formed by other non-damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors
  • The sprouts that fill in can be useful, neutral or harmful (depending if they in the right place)
92
Q

What do cells release when they have lost their innervation?

A

-Neurotrophins= induce axons to form collateral sprouts

93
Q

What is Denervation Supersensitivity?

A

-The heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon

94
Q

What is Disuse Supersensitivity?

A

-The hypersensitivity to a neurotransmitter after a result of inactivity by an incoming axon

95
Q

What can be the treatment for Phantom Limb?

A
  • Learned adjustments
  • Prosthetics
  • VR
96
Q

What is Phantom Limb?

A
  • continuing to fell sensation of an amputated body part

- The cortex reorganizes itself post-amputation & the original axons degernate= other axons nearby sprout in

Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 (10 decks)

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