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Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 > CH 9: Internal Regulation > Flashcards

CH 9: Internal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

-The various biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range (temp, water levels, oxygen levels, protein, fat, acidity)

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2
Q

What is Allostasis?

A

-Adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on a situation= helps to avoid errors

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3
Q

What does Maintaining temp require?

A

-Twice as much energy as all other activities combined

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4
Q

What is Basal Metabolism?

A

-Energy used to maintain constant body temp while at rest

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5
Q

What is Poikilothermic?

A
  • AKA Ectothermic

- Body temp matches the environment

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6
Q

Who are Ectothermic?

A

-Amphibians, reptiles, and most fish

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7
Q

What makes some species Ectothermic?

A

-Bc the organism lacks the internal, physiological, mechs of temp regulation

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8
Q

What is Homeothermic?

A
  • AKA Endothermic

- The use of internal physiological mechs to maintain constant body temp

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9
Q

Who are Endothermic?

A

-Mammals and birds

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10
Q

How can you decrease your body temp?

A

-Sweating and panting

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11
Q

How can you increase body temp?

A

-Shivering which decreases blood flow to the skin

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12
Q

What is the body temp of Mammals?

A

37 degrees celcius= 98 degrees farenheight

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13
Q

What is the advantage from muscles being hella warm?

A

-They’re ready for vigorous activity

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14
Q

Why is warmer temp NOT better?

A
  • It requires more energy
  • Proteins break their bonds & lose their useful properties
  • And also bc reproductive cells require cooler temps
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15
Q

What does the regulation of body temp depend on?

A

-The preoptic area/ anterior Hypothalamus (POA/AH)

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16
Q

How does the POA/AH work?

A
  • It receives input from temp receptors throughout the body

- It also receives input from the immune system

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17
Q

What happens if you heat the POA/AH?

A

-It leads to panting and sweating

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18
Q

What happens if you cool the POA/AH?

A

-It leads to shivering

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19
Q

What does the Immune System deliver?

A

-Prostaglandins and Histamines

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20
Q

What is Fever?

A

-Increase of body temp set point which is directed by the Hypothalamus

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21
Q

What are the benefits of Fever?

A
  • Certain bacteria grow less vigorously

- Immune system works more vigorously

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22
Q

What does it mean when your fever is above 103 degrees farenheight?

A

-It does the body more harm than good

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23
Q

What does it mean when your fever is above 109 degrees farenheight?

A

-They are life-threatening

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24
Q

How much water is in a Mammilian body?

A

70%

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25
Q

What does the Concentration of Water determine?

A

-The rate of all chemical reactions in the body

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26
Q

How can water be conserved?

A
  • Excreting concentrated urine

- Decreasing sweat

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27
Q

How do we regulate water?

A

-By drinking more water than we need and excreting the rest

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28
Q

What is Vasopressin?

A
  • AKA Antidiuretic Hormone

- A hormone released by the Posterior Pituitary

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29
Q

What role does Vasopressin play in water regulation?

A
  • It raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels
  • Helps to compensate for decreased water volume by enabling kidneys to reabsorb water & excrete highly concentrated urine
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30
Q

What are the 2 types of of thirst?

A
  • Osmotic

- Hypovolemic

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31
Q

What is Osmotic Thirst?

A

-Results from eating salty foods

32
Q

How does Osmotic Thirst occur?

A

-When solute concentrations in the extracellular fluid are higher than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid SO water is drawn from intracellular compartment to dilute the solutes in the extracellular fluid

33
Q

How do the kidneys work to fight Osmotic Thirst?

A

-They excrete more concentrated urine to ride the body of excess sodium & retain water

34
Q

What is Hypovolemic Thirst?

A

-Results from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating=low blood volume

35
Q

What happens when there’s low blood volume?

A
  • Kidneys release an enzyme Renin to help form Angiotensin I
  • Other enzymes convert that into angiotensin II
36
Q

What triggers Hypovolemic thirst?

A

-Angiotensin II

37
Q

What kind of preference of water do we have when experiencing Osmotic Thirst?

A

-Pure water

38
Q

What kind of preference of water do we have when experience Hypovolemic thirst?

A

-Slighly salty water bc it replenishes water and lost solutes

39
Q

What gives rise to Sodium-Specific Hunger?

A

-Develops automatically to restore solute levels in the blood

40
Q

When does Sodium-Specific Hunger arise?

A

-During menstration & pregnancy

41
Q

What is the purpose of Digestion?

A

-Breaks down food into smaller molecules that the cells can use

42
Q

Where does Digestion begin?

A

-In the mouth=enzymes in saliva break down carbs

43
Q

What 2 things help in digest proteins in the stomach?

A

-Hydrochloric acid & Enzymes

44
Q

What do the enzymes do that are in the Small Intestine?

A
  • They digest proteins, fats, carbs

- The digested food then enters the bloodstream

45
Q

What happens in the Large Intestine?

A
  • It absorbs water and minerals

- It lubricates the remaining material to pass as poop

46
Q

What is the main signal to stop eating?

A

-The distention of the stomach

47
Q

What role does the Vagus Nerve play in feeling full?

A
  • AKA Cranial Nerve X

- Conveys info about the stretching of the stomach walls to the brain

48
Q

What is Duodenum?

A

-It is the sight of initial absorption of significant amounts of Nutrients

49
Q

What does the Duodenum release?

A

-It releases the hormone Choleocystokinin (CCK) to regulate hunger

50
Q

What is Glucose?

A
  • Main product of Digestion

- It is the main fuel used by the brain & an important source of energy

51
Q

What is Insulin?

A

-The pancreatic Hormone that enables glucose to enter the cell

52
Q

What is Glucagon?

A

-The pancreatic Hormone that stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose

53
Q

What does Insulin and Glucagon have in common?

A

-They are both pancreatic hormones that regulate the flow of glucose into cells

54
Q

What 3 things happen right after a meal?

A
  • Insulin levels rise
  • Glucose easily enters the cell
  • Appetite decreases
55
Q

What 4 things happen as time pass after eating?

A
  • Blood glucose levels fall
  • Insulin levels drop
  • Glucose enters the cell more slowly
  • Pancreas release glucagon
56
Q

When is hunger induced again?

A

-When glucose is not replenished

57
Q

What happens if Insulin levels are constantly high?

A
  • Body continues to rapidly move glucose into cells after hella time that you eat
  • Blood glucose drops= hunger arises
  • Food is rapidly converted to fat & glycogen=causes weight gain
58
Q

What is Type I diabetes?

A
  • This is the type where the pancreas DOES produce insulin

- Insulin levels are constantly low but blood glucose levels are high

59
Q

What are the side effects of Type I diabetes?

A
  • Eating more food than normal bc glucose is excreted so we’re more hungry
  • Excrete the glucose unused & lose weight
60
Q

What is the treatment for Type I diabetes?

A

-Insulin injection or infusion w/ a pump

61
Q

What is Type II diabetes?

A
  • AKA Insulin Resistance
  • This is where the body can’t use insulin properly
  • Pancreas can’t keep up & make enough insulin to keep your glucose levels normal
62
Q

What is the side effect of Type II diabetes?

A

-High levels of glucose= Hyperglycemia

63
Q

What is the treatment for Type II diabetes?

A

-Diet/ exercise but may need insulin injectors later

64
Q

True or False: All types of diabetes cause blood glucose levels to be higher than normal

A

-True

65
Q

What type of peptide do the body’s fat cells produce?

A

-Leptin= signals the brain to increase or decrease eating

66
Q

How does Leptin know to signal the brain?

A

-Indicating nutrition levels = body fat reserves

67
Q

What happens if there’s low levels of Leptin?

A
  • AKA Low Nutrition

- Increases hunger/eating behavior

68
Q

What doesn’t happen if there’s high levels of leptin?

A

-It doesn’t decrease hunger

69
Q

What is the Arcuate Nucleus?

A
  • It is the place where info from all parts of the body regarding hunger go to
  • It is part of the Hypothalamus & includes 2 sets of neurons
70
Q

What is the Paraventricular Nucleus?

A
  • It is the place where the output of the Arcuate Nucleus go to
  • It inhibits the Lateral Hypothalamus= Involved in satiety
71
Q

What is the Lateral Hypothalamus involved in?

A

-Eating

72
Q

What 2 sets of neurons does the Arcuate Nucleus contain?

A
  • Neurons sensitive to Hunger signals

- Neurons sensitive to Satiety Signals

73
Q

What is GHRELIN?

A
  • It is released by the stomach & triggers stomach contractions
  • The neurotransmitter released in the brain & acts on the hypothalamus to increase appetite
74
Q

What are the 3 Inhibitory transmitters from Hunger Sensitive cells?

A
  • GABA
  • Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
  • Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)
75
Q

What role does NPY & AgRP play in hunger?

A

-It blocks the satiety action of the paraventricular nucleus & provokes overeating

Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 (10 decks)

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