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Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 > CH 8: Wakefulness & Sleep > Flashcards

CH 8: Wakefulness & Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Jet lag?

A

-Sleep routines disrupted during the weekends

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2
Q

What is Sleepdebt?

A

-It occurs when we sleep in a succession of 5 hour night so we can’t be satisfied by one long sleep

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3
Q

What are the 7 functions of Good sleep?

A
  • Reparing/restoring
  • Effective learning & memory
  • Better mental/emotional functioning
  • Resting muscles
  • Decreasing metabolism
  • Regular cell maintenance
  • Reorganizes synapses
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4
Q

What was thought to be the original function of sleep?

A

-To conserve energy

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5
Q

How is the conservation of energy accomplished?

A
  • Decrease in body temp 1-2 degrees Celcius

- Decrease in muscle activity

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6
Q

How might one increase their performance on a task?

A

-Sleep on it!

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7
Q

What causes the increased performance on a task?

A

-Increased brain activity in the area of the brain activated by the task

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8
Q

What suggests that the brain replays its daily experiences during sleep?

A

-The patterns of activity in Hippocampus during learning were similar to patterns during sleep

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9
Q

What happens to the Synapses during sleep?

A

-The brain strengthens some but weakens others

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10
Q

What are Sleep Spindles?

A
  • Bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 of sleep
  • They increase in number after new learning
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11
Q

What does Sleep Deprivation do to humans?

A

-Hurts all aspects of functioning & complex tasks

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12
Q

What does Sleep Deprivation contribute to?

A
  • Traffic and workplace incidents
  • Irritableness
  • Unable to concentrate
  • Slurred speech
  • Decreased Mental Ability
  • Paranoia/Hallucinations
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13
Q

What are Endogenous Circadian Rhythms?

A
  • Internal Mechs that function over the course of 24 hrs
  • Includes sleep cyle, frequency of eating & drinking, Body temp, Secretion of hormones, Urination, Sensitivity to drugs
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14
Q

What causes the sensitivity to drugs?

A

-The changes in body temp

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15
Q

Do we still function in a Circadian Rhythm in complete darkness?

A

-Yes

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16
Q

What is the Purpose of Circadian Rhythms?

A

-To keep our internal workings in phase w/ outside world

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17
Q

What is a Free-Running Rhythm?

A

-A rhythm that occurs when no stimuli resets it

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18
Q

What is a Zeitgeber?

A

-Any stimulus that resets circadian rhythms

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19
Q

What is our primary Zeitgeber?

A

-Sunlight

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20
Q

What are some other Zeitgebers?

A

-Exercise, noise, meals & temp

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21
Q

What happens if we use something other than Sunlight as a Zeitgeber?

A

-We may experience depression, irritability, & impaired job performance

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22
Q

When are young adults most likely to be in a good mood?

A

-late afternoon & early evening

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23
Q

What is Jet Lag?

A
  • Disruption of Circadian rhythm due to crossing time zones

- Stems from the mismatch of internal clock & external time

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24
Q

What does Jet Lag cause?

A
  • Sleepiness during day
  • Sleeplessness at night
  • Impaired concentration
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25
Q

Does working at night reliably change the circadian rhythm?

A

-NO

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26
Q

How can people adjust to the Night Shift?

A

-If they sleep in a very dark room & work under very bright lights at night

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27
Q

What does being a Morning person vs Night person depend on?

A
  • Age bc kids are more morning people & teens are more night people
  • Partically genetics
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28
Q

What are the Mechanisms of the Circadian Rhythm?

A
  • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
  • Genes that produce certain proteins
  • Melatonin Levels
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29
Q

What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus?

A

-Main control center of the circadian rhythms of sleep & temp in a genetically controlled & unlearned manner

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30
Q

Where is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus located?

A

-Above the Optic Chiasm & part of the Hypothalamus

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31
Q

What does damage to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus result in?

A

-Less consistent body rhythms= aren’t synchronized to the environmental patterns of light & dark

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32
Q

How does Light reset the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus?

A
  • via small branch of the optic nerve= Retinohypthalamic path
  • It travels directly from retina to SCN
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33
Q

What is the Retinohypothalamic path?

A

-It comes from a special population of Ganglion cells that have their own photopigment= Melanopsin

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34
Q

What role does Melanopsin play in Blind People?

A

-It helps blind people have a sleep-wake cycle

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35
Q

How does the Melanopsin work?

A

-Cells respond directly to light & don’t require any input from rods or cones

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of genes that are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm?

A
  • Period

- Timeless

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37
Q

What is the role of the Period Genes?

A

-They produce proteins called PER

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38
Q

What is the role of Timeless Genes?

A

-They produce proteins called TIM

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39
Q

What do the PER and TIM proteins do?

A

-They increase the activity in certain neurons in the SCN = helps w/ sleep & waking

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40
Q

What happens if there’s mutations in the PER genes?

A

-Odd circadian rhythms or decreased alertness if you are deprived of a goodnight’s sleep

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41
Q

What part of the brain does the SCN regulate?

A

-The Pineal Gland

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42
Q

What is the Pineal Gland?

A
  • It is an endocrine gland located under the thalamus

- It releases Melatonin= hormone that increases sleepiness

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43
Q

How much Melatonin does the body produce a day?

A

30 Micrograms

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44
Q

When does Melatonin start to secrete?

A

2-3 hours before bedtime

45
Q

What is Sleep?

A

-The moderate decrease in brain activity and decrease in brain response to stimuli

46
Q

What is a Coma?

A

-The extended period of unconsciousness= low brain activity that remains steady

47
Q

What is a Vegetative State?

A
  • Alternating between periods of sleep & moderate arousal but w/ no awareness of the surrounding
  • Shows some automatic arousal to painful stimulus but no purposeful activity
48
Q

What is a Minimally Conscious state?

A
  • Stage higher of vegetative

- Occasional periods of purposeful action & limited speech comprehension

49
Q

What is Brain Death?

A

-No sign of brain activity or response to any stimulus

50
Q

What is the role of EEG in sleep?

A
  • It records waveforms

- It allowed researchers to compare brain activity during different times of sleep

51
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

-Electroencephalograph

52
Q

What is a Polysomnograph?

A

-Combination of EEG and Eye-movement records

53
Q

What are the stages of the Sleep cycle?

A

N-REM 1
N-REM 2
N-REM 3&4
REM

54
Q

When are Alpha waves present?

A

-When one begins a state of relaxation=feeling drowsy

55
Q

What is N-REM 1 & what are the wave patterns like?

A
  • Stage of light sleep= claims to be aware & may see fleeing images
  • Irregular, jagged, low voltage waves= Theta Waves
56
Q

What is N-REM 2 & what are the wave patterns like?

A
  • Stage where you’re definitely asleep but respond to loud noises
  • Theres the presence of Sleep-Spindles
  • K COMPLEX= sharp high amplitude negative wave followed by smaller/slower positive wave
57
Q

What is N-REM 3&4 and what is the wave pattern like?

A
  • AKA Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)
  • Stage where you’re in deep sleep, minimal awareness & partially paralyzed
  • Slow heart rate, breathing rate, brain activity but highly synchronized neuronal activity
  • The waves are slow & have big amplitude= Delta Waves
58
Q

What is REM sleep & what is the wave pattern like?

A
  • AKA Rapid Eye Movement & Paradoxical Sleep
  • Stage of Story/ Dream-like state & sleep paralysis
  • Postural muscles are relaxed the most in this stage
  • Waves are irregular, low voltage & fast=PGO waves
59
Q

Why is REM sleep also called Paradoxical Sleep?

A

-Bc the waveforms resemble waking wave forms

60
Q

What occurs during REM sleep?

A
  • Discard useless connections

- Learned motor skills are reinforced

61
Q

What is REM Rebound?

A

-Where you recover lost sleep

62
Q

What are the order of stages of the sleep cycle?

A
  • 1,2,3,4

- Then after about an hour you cycle back: 4,3,2,REM

63
Q

What is the key feature of the Sleep Cycle?

A

-The sequence repeats w/ each cycle & lasts 90 mins

64
Q

What is the definition of Good Sleep?

A

-When we go through the sleep sequence 4 times which totals to 6-8 hours

65
Q

What is the primary difference of the length between N-REM stages and the REM stage?

A
  • Stages 3 & 4 dominate early in the night & their lengths decrease as the night progresses
  • REM sleep dominates later in the night & its length increases as the night progresses
66
Q

What is the Reticular Formation?

A

-It is responsible for arousal

67
Q

Where is the Reticular Formation located?

A

-It is part of the midbrain that extends from the medulla to the forebrain

68
Q

What is the role of Pronto-Mesencephalon in Wakefulness?

A

-It contributes to cortical arousal

69
Q

Where is the Pronto-Mesencephalon located?

A

-It is part of the Reticular Formation in the midbrain

70
Q

What is the process that contributes to Wakefulness & Arousal?

A
  • Axons extend to the hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain which releases Acetylcholine, Glutamate, or Dopamine
  • These releases have excitatory effects that are spread to areas of the cortex
71
Q

What occurs when the Prontomesencephalon is stimulated?

A

-It wakes us up & increases alertness in those who are already awake

72
Q

What is the Locus Coeruleus?

A

-Small structure in the pons & dormant while we’re alseep

73
Q

What is the role of the Locus Coerleus in Wakefulness?

A

-Their axons release Norepinephrine to arouse areas & increase wakefulness

74
Q

What role does the Hypothalamus play in Wakefulness?

A
  • It contains neurons that release Histamine to produce excitatory effects throughout the brain
  • The lateral & Posterior nuclei release Orexin
75
Q

What does an Anti-Histamine do?

A

-They promote sleepiness

76
Q

What is Orexin?

A
  • AKA Hypocretin

- It is a peptide Neurotransmitter that is needed to stay awake

77
Q

What is the role of Orexin in Wakefulness?

A

-It is released by cells into the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for Wakefulness & arousal

78
Q

What releases the inhibitory transmitter GABA?

A

-Cells in the basal forebrain which is essential to sleep

79
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

-It decreases body temp, metabolic rate, and the stimulation of neurons

80
Q

What causes Sleep Walking?

A

-The brain is awake in one part but asleep in others

81
Q

What is Lucid Dreaming?

A

-When you are aware that you are dreaming

82
Q

What causes the inability to move?

A

-When the pons is still in REM while other brain areas wake up

83
Q

What neurotransmitters does the Dorsal Raphe and Pons release?

A

-Seratonin= interrupts REM sleep

84
Q

What parts of the brain are active during REM sleep?

A

-The pons & limbic system

85
Q

What parts of the brain are inactive during REM sleep?

A

-Primary visual cortex, motor cortex, dorsolateral prefornal cortex

86
Q

What does REM deprivation result in?

A

-High density PGO waves during uninterrupted sleep

87
Q

How does the Pons inhibit motor neurons?

A

-Sends messages to the spinal chord, this inhibition controls the body’s large muscles

88
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters is REM sleep regulated by?

A

-Acetylcholine and Seratonin

89
Q

What role does Acetylcholine play in REM sleep?

A

-If the receptors are stimulated, it will quickly move people into REM

90
Q

What is Insomnia?

A

-It is a sleep disorder where people can’t get enough sleep

91
Q

What is the cause of Insomnia?

A

-Noise, stress, pain medication, epilepsy, parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety

92
Q

What happens if you are dependent on Sleeping pills?

A

-It shifts our circadian rhythm & can result in insomnia

93
Q

To fight Jet Lag, what should you do?

A

-Stay in the sun! & don’t sleep in extreme cases

94
Q

What is Sleep Apnea?

A

-Sleep disorder where you can’t breathe for a long period of time

95
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

-Sleep disorder where you have frequent periods of sleepiness=Lack of orexin

96
Q

What are the 4 main symptoms of Narcolepsy?

A
  • Gradual/sudden attack of sleepiness
  • Occasional Caraplexy= muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions
  • Sleep paralysis
  • Hypnagogic Hallucinations=dreamlike experiences where the person has trouble seeing if it was a dream or not
97
Q

What causes Narcolepsy?

A

-The lack of Hypothalamic cells that produce & release Orexin

98
Q

What are some possible treatments of Narcolepsy?

A
  • Ritalin

- SSRI’s

99
Q

What is REM behavior disorder associated with?

A
  • Vigorous movement during REM sleep= acting out dreams

- Damage to the pons which inhibit the spinal neurons to control large muscle movements

100
Q

What population is most likely to experience REM behavioral disorders?

A

-Elderly/ Older men w/ brain diseases like Parkinson’s

101
Q

What are Night Terrors?

A
  • Experiences of intense anxiety where a person wakes up screaming in terror
  • Most common in younger children
  • It occurs in N-REM sleep
102
Q

When does Sleep-Talking occur?

A

-In N-REM and REM sleep

103
Q

What are the key characteristics of Sleep-Walking?

A
  • It runs in families but mostly occurs in kids

- Occurs in stages 3&4

104
Q

What are the 2 Biological Theories of Dreaming?

A
  • Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

- Neurocognitive Hypothesis

105
Q

What does the Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of dreaming imply?

A
  • Dreams begin w/ spontaneous activity in the Pons = activates other areas of the cortex
  • The cortex synthesizes story from pattern of activation
  • Normal sensory info is sometimes integrated but usually isn’t
106
Q

What does the Neurocognitive Hypothesis of Dreaming Imply?

A
  • Dreams are similar to thinking, just under unusual circumstances
  • External or Internal stimulation activates parts of the Parietal, Occipital, & Temporal cortex
  • Stimulation is combined w/ recent memories & info from senses
107
Q

What activities are suppressed in the Neurocognitive Hypothesis?

A
  • Motor neurons
  • Neurons in spinal cord
  • Prefrontal cortex
108
Q

What activities are high in the Neurocognitive Hypothesis?

A
  • Lower part of the Parietal Cortex (visual/spatial)

- Hypothalamus/ Amygdala (emotional)

Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 (10 decks)

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