CH 12: Learning/memory/intelligence Flashcards by Tania Pliego Torres

What is Social Learning?

-AKA observational learning= learning from others by watching

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What is Vicarious Conditioning?

Type of observational learning

- Person is influenced by watching/hearing about the consequences of others behavior

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What is Orienting response?

-Turning towards a new event

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What is Habituation?

-Reduced responding to the event= getting used to an event

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What is Sensitisation?

-Increased responding to an event= event becoming annoying

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What is De-sensitation?

-Decreased responding

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What is Classical Conditioning?

-Set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about signaling properties of events

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What does Classical Conditioning involve?

-Learning RELATIONS between events-conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that occur outside one’s control

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What is the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

-Stimulus that automatically leads to response prior to training (meat powder/ lemon powder)

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What is the Unconditioned Response (UCR)?

-The response that is produced automatically prior to training (salivation to food)

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What is the Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?

-Neutral stimulus paired w/ the Unconditioned Stimulus during classical conditioning (bell)

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What is the Conditioned Response (CR)?

-The learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus (Salivation in response to the bell)

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What are the 2 examples of Classical Conditioning?

Objects being associated with positive feelings

- Fears and Phobias

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How would you treat phobias/ fears?

-Systematic Desensitiation= uses classical conditioning to associated new responses with feared stimulus

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What is Operant Conditioning?

-Reponses that are followed by reinforcement or punishment that strengthen or weaken the behavior

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What is the role of Operant Conditioning?

-Reinforces events that increase the probability that the desired response will occur again

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What type of enforcers are there?

-Positive and negative

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What are Punishments?

-They are events that decrease the probability that the undesired response will occur again

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What type of punishments are there?

-Negative and positive

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What is Instrumental Conditioning?

-When the learner’s behavior controls the presentation of reinforcer or punishment

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Where would we see the applications of operant conditioning?

-Applied Behavioral analysis= teaching new responses to get rid of maladaptive behaviors

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What is Judge Rotenberg Center?

-Application for behavioral Modification= used as punishment to decrease harmful behavior

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What are the 5 Drawbacks of Punishments?

Doesn’t erase undesirable trait
can produce unwanted side effects
ineffective if given after time
Can become agression/ abusive
Doesn’t correct behavior in a positive way

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What are the 4 ways to make a punishment effective

Explain why the punishment was given
Don’t be abusive
Make sure punishment is immediate
Positively reinforce more appropriate responses

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What are the 4 signs that the punishment failed?

- The recipient responds w/ anxiety, fear, aggression - When it doesn't immediately follow the behavior - When it doesn't inform or educate the recipient - When the consequence thought to be a punishment is reinforcing

What promotes the formation of new synapses?

-Environmental influences/ new experiences

What part of the brain do synaptic changes take place?

-Hippocampus and Sitatum

What does the formation of synapses use?

-Glutamate and Acetylcholine

What are Engrams?

-Biochemical representation of learning

What did Pavlov believe conditioning strengthened?

-It Strengthens the connections between The conditioned stimulus and the Unconditioned stimulus centers in the brain

How did Lashley look for engrams?

-He used a knife to cut and disconnect cortical centers of the brain and disrupt the ability to learn associations

What were the conclusions from Lashley's study?

- Found that learning & memory didn't depend entirely on connections across the cortex - Learning didn't depend on a single area of the cortex

What are the 2 key principles about the nervous system that Lashley proposed?

- Equipotential | - Mass action

What is the Equipotential principle of the nervous system that Lashley Proposed?

-All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors (learning)

What is the Mass Action principle of the nervous system that Lashley proposed?

-The cortex works as a whole, NOT as solitary units

What is Short Term Memory (STM)?

-The memory of events that have just occurred= 7 items

What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

-The memory of events from times further back=unlimited capacity

What are the 4 major differences between STM and LTM?

- STM has limited capacity whereas LTM has unlimited - STM fades quickly without rehearsal - STM don't benefit from cues like LTM - Not all STM becomes LTM - Time for consolidation varies

What is consolidation?

-The idea that all info enters the STM where the brain consolidates it into LTM

What is Sensory Memory?

-How we interact with the world

What is Working Memory?

-The middle spot between STM and LTM

Where is the storage of the working memory located?

-The prefrontal Cortex

What is the relationship between declining activity in the Prefrontal cortex and memory?

-The decreasing activity in the prefrontal cortex causes a decrease in memory

When does a Hebbian Synapse occur?

-When the stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate the cell in the future

What role does the Hebbian Synapse have on storing information?

- It increases the effectiveness of simultaneous activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons - Also critical for many kinds of associative learning

What is the Biological Basis of Habituation?

- Depends upon a change in the synapse between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons - Sensory neurons fail to excite motor neurons

What is the Biological basis for Sensitization?

-Serotonin released from a facilitating neuron= blocks potassium channels in the presynaptic neuron

What happens when there's prolonged release of a transmitter in sensitization?

-When theres a prolonged release of the transmitter= prolonged sensitization

What is the main difference between sensitization and habituation?

-The threshold of the noise

When does Long Term Potentiation (LTP) occur?

- When one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation | - Changes in the Presynaptic neuron

What is the role of the Long Term Potentiation in neuronal activity?

-It increases the activity in the Pre-Synaptic neurons and increased responsiveness by Post-Synaptic neurons

What is Long-Term Potentiation?

-The cellular basis of learning and memory

What are the 3 components of Long-Term Potentiation?

- Specificity - Cooperativity - Associativity

What is the Specificity component of Long-Term Potentiation?

-Only synapses on a cell that have been highly active become strengthed

What is the Cooperativity component of Long-Term Potentiation?

-Simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than a repeated stimulated by single axon

What is the Associativity component of Long-Term Potentiation?

-Pairing a weak input w/ a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

What is Long-Term Depression?

-A prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others

What is the Compensatory Process?

-As one synapse strengthens, another weakens bc of limited resources

What kind of synapses does LTP depend on?

-Changed in glutamate synapses & GABA synapses pero at a lesser extent

Where is Long-Term Potentiation studied most at?

-The hippocampus

What are the 2 types of glutamate receptors used by LTP?

- AMPA | - NMDA

What are the 3 steps for Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Neurons?

1) Repeated glutamate excitation of AMPA R. depolarizes the membrane 2) This depolarization displaces magnesium molecules that have been blocking the NMDA R. 3) Then Glutamate excites the NMDA R.= opens channel for Ca+ ions to enter the neuron & triggers further changes

What are the changes that Ca+ entering the neuron via long-term potentiation in Hippocampal Neurons stimulate?

- The activation of a protein - More AMPA R. built and dendritic branching increases=Potentiates the dendrite's future responsiveness to incoming glutamate