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Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 > CH 12: Learning/memory/intelligence > Flashcards

CH 12: Learning/memory/intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Learning?

A

-AKA observational learning= learning from others by watching

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2
Q

What is Vicarious Conditioning?

A
  • Type of observational learning

- Person is influenced by watching/hearing about the consequences of others behavior

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3
Q

What is Orienting response?

A

-Turning towards a new event

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4
Q

What is Habituation?

A

-Reduced responding to the event= getting used to an event

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5
Q

What is Sensitisation?

A

-Increased responding to an event= event becoming annoying

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6
Q

What is De-sensitation?

A

-Decreased responding

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7
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

-Set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about signaling properties of events

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8
Q

What does Classical Conditioning involve?

A

-Learning RELATIONS between events-conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that occur outside one’s control

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9
Q

What is the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

A

-Stimulus that automatically leads to response prior to training (meat powder/ lemon powder)

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10
Q

What is the Unconditioned Response (UCR)?

A

-The response that is produced automatically prior to training (salivation to food)

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11
Q

What is the Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?

A

-Neutral stimulus paired w/ the Unconditioned Stimulus during classical conditioning (bell)

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12
Q

What is the Conditioned Response (CR)?

A

-The learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus (Salivation in response to the bell)

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13
Q

What are the 2 examples of Classical Conditioning?

A
  • Objects being associated with positive feelings

- Fears and Phobias

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14
Q

How would you treat phobias/ fears?

A

-Systematic Desensitiation= uses classical conditioning to associated new responses with feared stimulus

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15
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

-Reponses that are followed by reinforcement or punishment that strengthen or weaken the behavior

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16
Q

What is the role of Operant Conditioning?

A

-Reinforces events that increase the probability that the desired response will occur again

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17
Q

What type of enforcers are there?

A

-Positive and negative

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18
Q

What are Punishments?

A

-They are events that decrease the probability that the undesired response will occur again

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19
Q

What type of punishments are there?

A

-Negative and positive

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20
Q

What is Instrumental Conditioning?

A

-When the learner’s behavior controls the presentation of reinforcer or punishment

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21
Q

Where would we see the applications of operant conditioning?

A

-Applied Behavioral analysis= teaching new responses to get rid of maladaptive behaviors

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22
Q

What is Judge Rotenberg Center?

A

-Application for behavioral Modification= used as punishment to decrease harmful behavior

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23
Q

What are the 5 Drawbacks of Punishments?

A
  • Doesn’t erase undesirable trait
  • can produce unwanted side effects
  • ineffective if given after time
  • Can become agression/ abusive
  • Doesn’t correct behavior in a positive way
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24
Q

What are the 4 ways to make a punishment effective

A
  • Explain why the punishment was given
  • Don’t be abusive
  • Make sure punishment is immediate
  • Positively reinforce more appropriate responses
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25
Q

What are the 4 signs that the punishment failed?

A
  • The recipient responds w/ anxiety, fear, aggression
  • When it doesn’t immediately follow the behavior
  • When it doesn’t inform or educate the recipient
  • When the consequence thought to be a punishment is reinforcing
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26
Q

What promotes the formation of new synapses?

A

-Environmental influences/ new experiences

27
Q

What part of the brain do synaptic changes take place?

A

-Hippocampus and Sitatum

28
Q

What does the formation of synapses use?

A

-Glutamate and Acetylcholine

29
Q

What are Engrams?

A

-Biochemical representation of learning

30
Q

What did Pavlov believe conditioning strengthened?

A

-It Strengthens the connections between The conditioned stimulus and the Unconditioned stimulus centers in the brain

31
Q

How did Lashley look for engrams?

A

-He used a knife to cut and disconnect cortical centers of the brain and disrupt the ability to learn associations

32
Q

What were the conclusions from Lashley’s study?

A
  • Found that learning & memory didn’t depend entirely on connections across the cortex
  • Learning didn’t depend on a single area of the cortex
33
Q

What are the 2 key principles about the nervous system that Lashley proposed?

A
  • Equipotential

- Mass action

34
Q

What is the Equipotential principle of the nervous system that Lashley Proposed?

A

-All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors (learning)

35
Q

What is the Mass Action principle of the nervous system that Lashley proposed?

A

-The cortex works as a whole, NOT as solitary units

36
Q

What is Short Term Memory (STM)?

A

-The memory of events that have just occurred= 7 items

37
Q

What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

A

-The memory of events from times further back=unlimited capacity

38
Q

What are the 4 major differences between STM and LTM?

A
  • STM has limited capacity whereas LTM has unlimited
  • STM fades quickly without rehearsal
  • STM don’t benefit from cues like LTM
  • Not all STM becomes LTM
  • Time for consolidation varies
39
Q

What is consolidation?

A

-The idea that all info enters the STM where the brain consolidates it into LTM

40
Q

What is Sensory Memory?

A

-How we interact with the world

41
Q

What is Working Memory?

A

-The middle spot between STM and LTM

42
Q

Where is the storage of the working memory located?

A

-The prefrontal Cortex

43
Q

What is the relationship between declining activity in the Prefrontal cortex and memory?

A

-The decreasing activity in the prefrontal cortex causes a decrease in memory

44
Q

When does a Hebbian Synapse occur?

A

-When the stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate the cell in the future

45
Q

What role does the Hebbian Synapse have on storing information?

A
  • It increases the effectiveness of simultaneous activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
  • Also critical for many kinds of associative learning
46
Q

What is the Biological Basis of Habituation?

A
  • Depends upon a change in the synapse between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons
  • Sensory neurons fail to excite motor neurons
47
Q

What is the Biological basis for Sensitization?

A

-Serotonin released from a facilitating neuron= blocks potassium channels in the presynaptic neuron

48
Q

What happens when there’s prolonged release of a transmitter in sensitization?

A

-When theres a prolonged release of the transmitter= prolonged sensitization

49
Q

What is the main difference between sensitization and habituation?

A

-The threshold of the noise

50
Q

When does Long Term Potentiation (LTP) occur?

A
  • When one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation

- Changes in the Presynaptic neuron

51
Q

What is the role of the Long Term Potentiation in neuronal activity?

A

-It increases the activity in the Pre-Synaptic neurons and increased responsiveness by Post-Synaptic neurons

52
Q

What is Long-Term Potentiation?

A

-The cellular basis of learning and memory

53
Q

What are the 3 components of Long-Term Potentiation?

A
  • Specificity
  • Cooperativity
  • Associativity
54
Q

What is the Specificity component of Long-Term Potentiation?

A

-Only synapses on a cell that have been highly active become strengthed

55
Q

What is the Cooperativity component of Long-Term Potentiation?

A

-Simultaneous stimulation by 2 or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than a repeated stimulated by single axon

56
Q

What is the Associativity component of Long-Term Potentiation?

A

-Pairing a weak input w/ a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

57
Q

What is Long-Term Depression?

A

-A prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others

58
Q

What is the Compensatory Process?

A

-As one synapse strengthens, another weakens bc of limited resources

59
Q

What kind of synapses does LTP depend on?

A

-Changed in glutamate synapses & GABA synapses pero at a lesser extent

60
Q

Where is Long-Term Potentiation studied most at?

A

-The hippocampus

61
Q

What are the 2 types of glutamate receptors used by LTP?

A
  • AMPA

- NMDA

62
Q

What are the 3 steps for Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Neurons?

A

1) Repeated glutamate excitation of AMPA R. depolarizes the membrane
2) This depolarization displaces magnesium molecules that have been blocking the NMDA R.
3) Then Glutamate excites the NMDA R.= opens channel for Ca+ ions to enter the neuron & triggers further changes

63
Q

What are the changes that Ca+ entering the neuron via long-term potentiation in Hippocampal Neurons stimulate?

A
  • The activation of a protein
  • More AMPA R. built and dendritic branching increases=Potentiates the dendrite’s future responsiveness to incoming glutamate

Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 (10 decks)

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