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Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 > CH 1.1: The cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

CH 1.1: The cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cells that the Nervous system consists of?

A

Glia & Neurons

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2
Q

What is the average number of neurons in the human brain?

A

86 billion

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3
Q

What are the 2 scientists who are recognized as the pioneers of Neuroscience?

A
  • Santiago Ramon y cajal

- Charles Sherinngton

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4
Q

What did Ramon y Cajal discover?

A
  • He discovered that there is a gap between the tip of a neuron fiber and the surface of another neuron
  • He used infant brains bc cells are smaller= easier to see on single slide
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5
Q

What are the 5 components of a cell?

A
  • Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
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6
Q

What is the function of a cell Membrane?

A
  • It separates the inside of a cell from the environment
  • It also has protein channels that allow important molecules to pass through (water, oxy, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride)
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7
Q

What is the function of a cell Nucleus?

A

-It is the structure that contains the cell’s chromosomes

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8
Q

What is the function of a cell Mitochondria?

A
  • It performs metabolic activities
  • They also have genes separate from the ones in the nucleus that allow them to be genetically different from one another
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9
Q

What is the function of cell Ribosomes?

A
  • They are sites within a cell that transport newly synthesized proteins
  • They can be attached to the RER or found floating around the cell
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10
Q

What is the function of a cell Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

-It is a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

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11
Q

What are the 4 major structures of a Neuron?

A
  • Soma (cell body)
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Presynaptic terminals
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12
Q

How does a Motor Neuron work?

A
  • It has its soma in the spinal cord

- Receives excitation through its dendrites & then conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle

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13
Q

How do Sensory Neurons work?

A
  • It has its soma in a little stalk off main trunk
  • They are highly sensitive in one end to a type of stimulation (light, sound, touch)
  • Tiny branches branch from the receptors into the axon
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14
Q

What are Dendrites?

A
  • They are branching fibers that get narrower towards the ends
  • The surface is lined with synaptic receptors= receives info from other neurons, the greater the surface area the more info it can receive
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15
Q

What are Dendritic Spines?

A

-They are short outgrowths that increase the surface area for synapses

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16
Q

What is the Soma?

A
  • It is the cell body of the neuron
  • It contains a nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria
  • It is also the place of metabolic werk
  • It is also similar to dendrites w/ synapses covered on surface
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17
Q

What is the Axon?

A
  • It is a thin fiber of a constant diameter that is covered w/ Myelin Sheath w/ gaps= nodes of ranvier
  • Its job is to convey impulses toward other neurons, organs or muscle
  • They can be a meter long (spinal cord to feet)
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18
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath?

A

-It is an insulating material made up of fats & proteins that cover the axon

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19
Q

What kind of axons DO NOT have a myelin sheath?

A

-Invertebrate axons

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20
Q

What is the Presynaptic Terminal?

A
  • AKA end bulb/ bouton
  • It is located at the end of the branches of the axon
  • It is also the point where the chemicals that the axon releases cross through the junction between that neuron and another cell
21
Q

What is an Afferent Axon?

A

-It brings info into the structure

22
Q

What is an Efferent Axon?

A

-It carries info away from the structure

23
Q

What type of neurons are Afferent from the Nervous System?

A

-Sensory neurons

24
Q

What type of neurons are Efferent from the Nervous System?

A

-Motor neurons

25
Q

How do we know if a cell is an Interneuron/ Intrinsic Neuron of a structure?

A

-If their dendrites & axon are entirely contained within that structure

26
Q

What does the shape of a neuron determine?

A

-It determines its connections w/ other cells= determines its function

27
Q

Where do Glia outnumber neurons?

A

-In the cerebral cortex

28
Q

What are the 5 types of Glia cells?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann Cells
  • Radial glia
29
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A
  • Star-shaped
  • They wrap around synapses of functionally related axons & shields it from chemicals circulating around
  • They also help synchronize closely related neurons= enables their axons to send messages in waves
  • IMPORTANT FOR GENERATING RHYTHM (breathing, etc)
  • They also dilate blood vessels to bring more nutrition into higher areas of activity & respond to hormones
30
Q

What are Microglia?

A
  • They remove viruses/ fungi from the brain & increase in number to remove dead/ damaged neurons via inflamatory response
  • They also contribute to learning by removing weak synapses
31
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Located in brain & spinal cord

- They build myelin sheaths that insulate axons & supply them w/ nutrients to keep workin good

32
Q

What are Schwann Cells?

A
  • Located in the periphery of the body

- They build myelin sheaths that insulate axons & supply them w/ nutrients to keep workin good

33
Q

What are Radial Glia?

A
  • They guide the migration of neurons/their axons/dendrites during embryonic development
  • After embryonic development, they differentiate into neurons or astrocytes & oligodendrocytes
34
Q

What is the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A
  • It is a mechanism that excludes chemicals from the vertebrate brain
  • It is lined w/ tightly packed cells that keep out viruses & harmful chemicals
35
Q

What happens when viruses cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

-It infects the brain & leads it to death bc the vertebrate brain does not replace damaged neurons

36
Q

What does the Blood-Brain Barrier depend on?

A

-Depends on endothelial cells that form capillary walls

37
Q

How is the structure of Endothelial cells inside the brain vs outside?

A
  • Inside the brain, they are joined hella tight= blocks viruses, bacteria & harmful chemicals from passing through
  • Outside the brain they are separated by small gaps
38
Q

Why don’t we have walls similar to the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A

-The barrier keeps out both harmful and useful chemicals (Glucose & amino acids)

39
Q

What process does the brain use to allow useful chemicals to pass through the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A

-Active transport!= protein mediated process that uses energy to pump chemicals from blood into brain

40
Q

What are the chemicals that need to be actively transported into the brain?

A
  • Glucose (brain fuel)
  • Amino acids (building blocks of protein)
  • Purines
  • Choline
  • Few vitamins
  • Iron
41
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A

-Nearly all chemotherapy drugs fail to pass through it= making treating brain cancer difficult

42
Q

What kinds of chemicals can cross the Blood-Brain Barrier passively?

A

-Small uncharged molecules & fat-soluble

43
Q

What chemicals do vertebrates rely on the most and why?

A

-They rely on glucose the most because it is the only nutrient that crosses the blood-brain barrier in large quantities

44
Q

What percentage of oxygen & glucose does the brain use

A

-It uses 20% of oxygen and 25% of its glucose

45
Q

What part of the body makes glucose?

A
  • The liver!

- It makes glucose from many kinds of carbs, amino acids & glycerol (break down product from fats)

46
Q

How many Neurons are in the Cerebral Cortex & associated areas?

A

12-15 billion

47
Q

How many Neurons are in the Cerebellum?

A

70 billion

48
Q

How many Neurons are in the Spinal Cord?

A

1 billion

49
Q

What is the Node of Ranvier?

A
  • They are the gaps between the myelin sheath on the axon

- Here the action potential is regenerated by a chain of positively charged ions pushed along by the segment before

Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 (10 decks)

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