CH 11: Emotional Behaviors Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of emotions?
A
- The stage of feeling
- A subconcious mental reaction that directed to a specific object and accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body
2
Q
What emotions do Facial expressions express?
A
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Fear
- Anger
- Disgust
- Surprise
3
Q
What is the alternative view to emotions?
A
-Feelings vary along 2 continuous dimensions (weak to strong & unpleasant to pleasant)
4
Q
What are the 4 components of emotion?
A
- Cognition
- Readiness for action
- Feeling
- Physiological changes
5
Q
What does the James-Lange theory of emotion suggest?
A
- Automatic arousal and skeletal action occurs BEFORE an emotion=act then feel
- SO the emotion that is felt is the label that we give the arousal of the organs and muscle
6
Q
What is an example of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A
-The laughter clubs in india
7
Q
What 2 predictions does James-Lange theory lead to?
A
- People w/ weak autonomic/ skeletal response feel less emotion
- Increasing my response would enhance the emotion
8
Q
What effect does botox have on emotions?
A
-It blocks the transmissions at the synapses & nerve-muscle junctions
9
Q
What do people w/ botox report?
A
-Weaker than usual emotional responses after watching short videos
10
Q
What do people w/ Pure Autonomic Failure report feeling?
A
-Feeling emotion but less intensely
11
Q
What is Pure Autonomic Failure?
A
-Output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails
12
Q
What structures are included in the Limbic system?
A
-Forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus=critical for emotion
13
Q
What areas are activated during emotion?
A
-The frontal and temporal lobes
14
Q
What does the brain strongly attend to?
A
-Facial Expressions
15
Q
Where are emotions NOT localized?
A
-In specific parts of the cortex
16
Q
What effect does a single emotion have on the brain?
A
-It increases activity in various parts of the brain especially in memory areas
17
Q
What emotion has some localization?
A
-Disgust but also frightening stimuli
18
Q
What structure is strongly activated during exposure to stimuli perceived as disgusting?
A
-The Insular Cortex and also the Primary Taste cortex
19
Q
What are the 7 primal emotions?
A
-Seeking (enthusiastic), rage, fear, lust, care, panic (lonely/sad), play
20
Q
What are the 4 functions of emotion?
A
- Adaptive values (fear leads to escape)
- Communication of needs to others
- Making quick decisions
- Help us make moral decisions
21
Q
What are the 4 components of emotions and moral decisions?
A
- When making important moral decisions, we pay much attention to how the outcome will make us feel
- Contemplation activates prefrontal cortex & cingulate gyrus
- People w/ strongest autonomic arousal are least likely to make the decision to kill one person to save 5 others
- The decisions aren’t made rationally
22
Q
When do we rationalize our decision?
A
-After the decision has been made
23
Q
What is the relationship between being emotional and logical?
A
-Inversely related=the more emotional you are the least likely you are to be logical
24
Q
What happens to your emotions when you’ve suffered damage to parts of the prefrontal cortex?
A
-They become blunt= it impairs decision making & leads to impulsive decision-making
25
What do people with damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex show?
- inconsistent preferences
| - Decrease guilt and trust
26
Where is the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) activated?
-The activation of the left hemisphere (in the frontal and temporal lobes)
27
What are the characteristics of the Behavioral Activation System?
- Low to moderate arousal & tendency to approach
| - It can also characterize happiness or anger
28
Where is the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) activated?
-In the frontal and temporal lobe of the right hemisphere
29
What are the characteristics of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?
- Increased attention and arousal
- Inhibits action
- Stimulation of emotions of fear and disgust
30
What enhances violence?
-Genetic predisposition and early troubled environment
31
What do individual differences in aggressive/violent/antisocial behaviors depend on?
-Heredity and environment
32
What is the MAOa gene?
-It is an enzyme that breaks down DA, NE, SE
33
What do low levels of the MAO gene activity contribute to?
-Higher transmitter levels of aggressive behaviors
34
What hormone influences male aggressive behaviors?
-Testosterone
35
What happens when there's an increased level of testosterone in women?
-It increases the amount of time identifying faces and results in more arguments in collaborative tasks
36
What type of behavior has been linked to low serotonin release?
-Impulsivity and aggressive behavior
37
What is Serotonin turnover?
-The amount of serotonin that neurons release, absorb, and replace
38
What is Serotonin Turnover measured by?
- The concentration of 5-HIAA in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
- Also can be measured in urine
39
What is 5-HIAA?
-aka 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid= is a serotonin metabolite that's found in the blood and CSF
40
What occurs when there's high levels of 5-HIAA?
-it means there's a lot of serotonin being released
41
What occurs when there's low levels of 5-HIAA?
-There's low serotonin release= low turnover= less serotonin in the nervous system
42
What is found when mice were socially isolated in terms of serotonin turnover?
-There's decreased serotonin turnover= increased aggressive behavior
43
What is low serotonin turnover linked to in humans?
- Violent behavior/ violent crime
- Attempted suicide via violent terms
- Recurrent violent behaviors
44
What is the relationship between serotonin & aggression?
-It SMOL!
45
What type of behavior does Testosteron facilitate?
-Aggressive/assertive/ dominant behavior
46
What type of behavior does Serontinin inhibit?
-Impulsive behaviors
47
What type of behavior does cortisol inhibit?
-Aggression
48
What ratio does aggressive behavior depend on?
-Testosterone to cortisol
49
What can influence serotonin activity?
-Genetics
50
What is Tryptophan Hydroxylase?
-Enzyme that converts tryptophan into serotonin
51
What do people with the less active form of Tryptophan Hydroxylase experience?
-They're more likely to report frequent anger and aggression
52
When does the brain release Serotonin?
-During aggression
53
What level of 5-HIAA clinical depression linked to?
-Low levels of 5-HIAA
54
What is Anti-social Personality Disorder (ASPD)?
- The pattern of disregard/violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood and continues into adulthood
- So basically anti-society
55
What are the characteristics of Anti-Social Personality Disorder (ASPD)?
- Failure to conform to norms
- Irritability/ aggressiveness
- Impulsiveness
- Lack of remorse after violating the human rights of others
56
What are the 5-HIAA and MAO levels like in ASPD?
-They're both low
57
What are the 2 types of treatments for ASPD?
- Schema therapy
| - Natural Supplements
58
What is Schema Therapy?
- Used in individuals w/ ASPD
| - Helps patients stop maladaptive coping styles & get back in touch w/ their core feelings
59
Why are natural supplements a good treatment for patients w/ ASPD?
-They can be precursors to serotonin
60
What is the role of the Amygdala in emotions?
- It is the main area for integrating both environmental and genetic influences & regulating current levels of fear & anxiety
- SO it's involved in emotional processing and interpretation
61
What part of the brain is excessive fear & anxiety associated with?
-Hyperactivity in the amygdala
62
What happens when there's damage to the amygdala?
- Interferes w/ learning of fear responses
- Retention of fear responses
- Interpreting and understanding stimuli w/ emotional consequences
- The ability to judge trustworthiness in people
- Ability to recognize emotions in pictures
63
What kind of processing is impaired if the amygala is damaged?
-Processing of emotional information when the signals are subtle or complicated
64
What is Urbach-Weithe Disease?
-Rare genetic condition that causes calcium to accumulate in the amygdala until it wastes away
65
How does Urbach-Weithe affect emotions?
-The people experience fearlessness= had trouble drawing a fearful face
66
What does the amygdala enhance in Fear and Anxiety?
-The startle reflex
67
What is the Startle Reflex?
-It is extremely fast response to unexpected loud noises
68
What do drugs intended to control anxiety effect?
-They alter the activity at amygdala synapses
69
What is the main Neuromodulator in the amygdala?
-Cholecystokinin= CCK (also used to regulate satiety)
70
What is the main inhibitory transmitter of the amygdala?
-GABA
71
What class of drugs is the most commonly used for anti-anxiety?
-Benzodiazepines
72
How do Benzodiazepines work?
-They bind to the GABA receptor and facilitates the effects of GABA
73
What parts of the brain do Benzodiazepines exert their effects?
-Amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain
74
What are the negative side effects of benzodiazepine?
-They induce sleepiness and impair memory
75
What does alcohol enhance?
-It enhances GABA effects
76
How does the experimental drug RO-15-4513 block the effects of alcohol?
-It blocks the effect of alcohol on the GABA A receptors complex
77
Why isn't the experimental drug RO-15-4513 available to the masses?
-Bc its blocks the effect of a "hangover" therefore it's an ethical issue that may encourage others to drink alcohol more
78
What does Behavioral Medicine emphasize?
-The health effects of diet, smoking, exercise, and stressful experiences
79
What is Health care Psychology?
-It's a field that seeks to understand the role of biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors in the promotion of physical health and prevention
80
What branch does Health Care Psychology belong in?
-Behavioral medicine
81
What did Hans Selye define stress as?
-The non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it
82
What is General Adaptation Syndrome?
-The general response to stress the body activates
83
What are the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
- Alarm
- Resistance
- Exhaustion
84
What is the Alarm stage of the GAS?
-Increases Sympathetic nervous system activity
85
What is the Resistance stage of GAS?
- The sympathetic response declines
| - Adrenal cortex releases cortisol to enable prolonged alertness
86
What is the Exhaustion stage of GAS?
-Happens after hella stress= inactivity/ vulnerability & decreased energy to sustain heightened responses= burnout
87
What activates the GAS?
-Long-term un-escapeable issues= harmful to our health over time
88
What 2 systems of the body does stress activate?
- Sympathetic nervous system
| - HPA axis
89
What is the Sympathetic Nervous system?
-It is the fight or flight response
90
What is the HPA axis?
-The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex
91
What causes people to gain weight when they're stressed?
-The increased amount of cortisol
92
What becomes the dominant response to prolonged stressors?
-The HPA axis
93
How does the activation of the hypothalamus effect the pituitary gland?
-It causes it to secrete Adrenocortocopic Hormone (ACTH)
94
What does the Ardrenocortocopic hormone stimulate?
-It stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
95
What is the role of Cortisol in stress for the short-term?
-It helps mobilize energies to fight a difficult situation
96
What is the tole of Cortisol in stress for the Long-Term?
-It impairs the immune system=detracts from the synthesis of proteins
97
What is Psychoneuroimmunology?
-It deals with the way experiences alter the immune system & how the immune system influences the central nervous system
98
What does the nervous system activate in response to a stressful experience?
-The immune system
99
What is the role of the immune system in stress?
-Increases the production of natural killer cells, leukocytes, and cytokines to deal w/ bacteria
100
What triggers symptoms of illness as a reaction to stress itself?
-Cytokines
101
What are the effects of prolonged stress?
- illness
- Harmful to hippocampus=effects memory
- Enhances metabolic activity in the body
102
What happens when there's high metabolic activity in the hippocampus?
-The neurons are more sensitive to damage by toxins or over-stimulation
103
What is the effects of PTSD on the hippocampus?
-It's associated w/ smaller hippocampus size
104
What is the effects of PTSD on cortisol levels?
-They're lower= making people more prone to the damaging effects of stress
105
What determines resilience to stress?
- Genes
- Social support
- Physical health
- Previous stressful experiences
106
What is panic disorder?
-Frequent periods of anxiety & occasional attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, trembling
107
What population is Panic Disorder most common in?
-Women as well as in adolescents and young adults
108
What is the relationship between Panic Disorder and GABA and Orexin Levels?
- Theres decreased GABA= makes you feel anxious
| - Increased Orexin=wakefulness
