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Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 > CH 11: Emotional Behaviors > Flashcards

CH 11: Emotional Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of emotions?

A
  • The stage of feeling
  • A subconcious mental reaction that directed to a specific object and accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body
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2
Q

What emotions do Facial expressions express?

A
  • Happiness
  • Sadness
  • Fear
  • Anger
  • Disgust
  • Surprise
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3
Q

What is the alternative view to emotions?

A

-Feelings vary along 2 continuous dimensions (weak to strong & unpleasant to pleasant)

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4
Q

What are the 4 components of emotion?

A
  • Cognition
  • Readiness for action
  • Feeling
  • Physiological changes
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5
Q

What does the James-Lange theory of emotion suggest?

A
  • Automatic arousal and skeletal action occurs BEFORE an emotion=act then feel
  • SO the emotion that is felt is the label that we give the arousal of the organs and muscle
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6
Q

What is an example of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

-The laughter clubs in india

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7
Q

What 2 predictions does James-Lange theory lead to?

A
  • People w/ weak autonomic/ skeletal response feel less emotion
  • Increasing my response would enhance the emotion
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8
Q

What effect does botox have on emotions?

A

-It blocks the transmissions at the synapses & nerve-muscle junctions

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9
Q

What do people w/ botox report?

A

-Weaker than usual emotional responses after watching short videos

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10
Q

What do people w/ Pure Autonomic Failure report feeling?

A

-Feeling emotion but less intensely

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11
Q

What is Pure Autonomic Failure?

A

-Output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails

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12
Q

What structures are included in the Limbic system?

A

-Forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus=critical for emotion

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13
Q

What areas are activated during emotion?

A

-The frontal and temporal lobes

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14
Q

What does the brain strongly attend to?

A

-Facial Expressions

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15
Q

Where are emotions NOT localized?

A

-In specific parts of the cortex

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16
Q

What effect does a single emotion have on the brain?

A

-It increases activity in various parts of the brain especially in memory areas

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17
Q

What emotion has some localization?

A

-Disgust but also frightening stimuli

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18
Q

What structure is strongly activated during exposure to stimuli perceived as disgusting?

A

-The Insular Cortex and also the Primary Taste cortex

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19
Q

What are the 7 primal emotions?

A

-Seeking (enthusiastic), rage, fear, lust, care, panic (lonely/sad), play

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20
Q

What are the 4 functions of emotion?

A
  • Adaptive values (fear leads to escape)
  • Communication of needs to others
  • Making quick decisions
  • Help us make moral decisions
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21
Q

What are the 4 components of emotions and moral decisions?

A
  • When making important moral decisions, we pay much attention to how the outcome will make us feel
  • Contemplation activates prefrontal cortex & cingulate gyrus
  • People w/ strongest autonomic arousal are least likely to make the decision to kill one person to save 5 others
  • The decisions aren’t made rationally
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22
Q

When do we rationalize our decision?

A

-After the decision has been made

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23
Q

What is the relationship between being emotional and logical?

A

-Inversely related=the more emotional you are the least likely you are to be logical

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24
Q

What happens to your emotions when you’ve suffered damage to parts of the prefrontal cortex?

A

-They become blunt= it impairs decision making & leads to impulsive decision-making

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25
Q

What do people with damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex show?

A
  • inconsistent preferences

- Decrease guilt and trust

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26
Q

Where is the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) activated?

A

-The activation of the left hemisphere (in the frontal and temporal lobes)

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of the Behavioral Activation System?

A
  • Low to moderate arousal & tendency to approach

- It can also characterize happiness or anger

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28
Q

Where is the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) activated?

A

-In the frontal and temporal lobe of the right hemisphere

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?

A
  • Increased attention and arousal
  • Inhibits action
  • Stimulation of emotions of fear and disgust
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30
Q

What enhances violence?

A

-Genetic predisposition and early troubled environment

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31
Q

What do individual differences in aggressive/violent/antisocial behaviors depend on?

A

-Heredity and environment

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32
Q

What is the MAOa gene?

A

-It is an enzyme that breaks down DA, NE, SE

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33
Q

What do low levels of the MAO gene activity contribute to?

A

-Higher transmitter levels of aggressive behaviors

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34
Q

What hormone influences male aggressive behaviors?

A

-Testosterone

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35
Q

What happens when there’s an increased level of testosterone in women?

A

-It increases the amount of time identifying faces and results in more arguments in collaborative tasks

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36
Q

What type of behavior has been linked to low serotonin release?

A

-Impulsivity and aggressive behavior

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37
Q

What is Serotonin turnover?

A

-The amount of serotonin that neurons release, absorb, and replace

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38
Q

What is Serotonin Turnover measured by?

A
  • The concentration of 5-HIAA in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
  • Also can be measured in urine
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39
Q

What is 5-HIAA?

A

-aka 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid= is a serotonin metabolite that’s found in the blood and CSF

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40
Q

What occurs when there’s high levels of 5-HIAA?

A

-it means there’s a lot of serotonin being released

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41
Q

What occurs when there’s low levels of 5-HIAA?

A

-There’s low serotonin release= low turnover= less serotonin in the nervous system

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42
Q

What is found when mice were socially isolated in terms of serotonin turnover?

A

-There’s decreased serotonin turnover= increased aggressive behavior

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43
Q

What is low serotonin turnover linked to in humans?

A
  • Violent behavior/ violent crime
  • Attempted suicide via violent terms
  • Recurrent violent behaviors
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44
Q

What is the relationship between serotonin & aggression?

A

-It SMOL!

45
Q

What type of behavior does Testosteron facilitate?

A

-Aggressive/assertive/ dominant behavior

46
Q

What type of behavior does Serontinin inhibit?

A

-Impulsive behaviors

47
Q

What type of behavior does cortisol inhibit?

A

-Aggression

48
Q

What ratio does aggressive behavior depend on?

A

-Testosterone to cortisol

49
Q

What can influence serotonin activity?

A

-Genetics

50
Q

What is Tryptophan Hydroxylase?

A

-Enzyme that converts tryptophan into serotonin

51
Q

What do people with the less active form of Tryptophan Hydroxylase experience?

A

-They’re more likely to report frequent anger and aggression

52
Q

When does the brain release Serotonin?

A

-During aggression

53
Q

What level of 5-HIAA clinical depression linked to?

A

-Low levels of 5-HIAA

54
Q

What is Anti-social Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

A
  • The pattern of disregard/violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood and continues into adulthood
  • So basically anti-society
55
Q

What are the characteristics of Anti-Social Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

A
  • Failure to conform to norms
  • Irritability/ aggressiveness
  • Impulsiveness
  • Lack of remorse after violating the human rights of others
56
Q

What are the 5-HIAA and MAO levels like in ASPD?

A

-They’re both low

57
Q

What are the 2 types of treatments for ASPD?

A
  • Schema therapy

- Natural Supplements

58
Q

What is Schema Therapy?

A
  • Used in individuals w/ ASPD

- Helps patients stop maladaptive coping styles & get back in touch w/ their core feelings

59
Q

Why are natural supplements a good treatment for patients w/ ASPD?

A

-They can be precursors to serotonin

60
Q

What is the role of the Amygdala in emotions?

A
  • It is the main area for integrating both environmental and genetic influences & regulating current levels of fear & anxiety
  • SO it’s involved in emotional processing and interpretation
61
Q

What part of the brain is excessive fear & anxiety associated with?

A

-Hyperactivity in the amygdala

62
Q

What happens when there’s damage to the amygdala?

A
  • Interferes w/ learning of fear responses
  • Retention of fear responses
  • Interpreting and understanding stimuli w/ emotional consequences
  • The ability to judge trustworthiness in people
  • Ability to recognize emotions in pictures
63
Q

What kind of processing is impaired if the amygala is damaged?

A

-Processing of emotional information when the signals are subtle or complicated

64
Q

What is Urbach-Weithe Disease?

A

-Rare genetic condition that causes calcium to accumulate in the amygdala until it wastes away

65
Q

How does Urbach-Weithe affect emotions?

A

-The people experience fearlessness= had trouble drawing a fearful face

66
Q

What does the amygdala enhance in Fear and Anxiety?

A

-The startle reflex

67
Q

What is the Startle Reflex?

A

-It is extremely fast response to unexpected loud noises

68
Q

What do drugs intended to control anxiety effect?

A

-They alter the activity at amygdala synapses

69
Q

What is the main Neuromodulator in the amygdala?

A

-Cholecystokinin= CCK (also used to regulate satiety)

70
Q

What is the main inhibitory transmitter of the amygdala?

A

-GABA

71
Q

What class of drugs is the most commonly used for anti-anxiety?

A

-Benzodiazepines

72
Q

How do Benzodiazepines work?

A

-They bind to the GABA receptor and facilitates the effects of GABA

73
Q

What parts of the brain do Benzodiazepines exert their effects?

A

-Amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain

74
Q

What are the negative side effects of benzodiazepine?

A

-They induce sleepiness and impair memory

75
Q

What does alcohol enhance?

A

-It enhances GABA effects

76
Q

How does the experimental drug RO-15-4513 block the effects of alcohol?

A

-It blocks the effect of alcohol on the GABA A receptors complex

77
Q

Why isn’t the experimental drug RO-15-4513 available to the masses?

A

-Bc its blocks the effect of a “hangover” therefore it’s an ethical issue that may encourage others to drink alcohol more

78
Q

What does Behavioral Medicine emphasize?

A

-The health effects of diet, smoking, exercise, and stressful experiences

79
Q

What is Health care Psychology?

A

-It’s a field that seeks to understand the role of biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors in the promotion of physical health and prevention

80
Q

What branch does Health Care Psychology belong in?

A

-Behavioral medicine

81
Q

What did Hans Selye define stress as?

A

-The non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it

82
Q

What is General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

-The general response to stress the body activates

83
Q

What are the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

A
  • Alarm
  • Resistance
  • Exhaustion
84
Q

What is the Alarm stage of the GAS?

A

-Increases Sympathetic nervous system activity

85
Q

What is the Resistance stage of GAS?

A
  • The sympathetic response declines

- Adrenal cortex releases cortisol to enable prolonged alertness

86
Q

What is the Exhaustion stage of GAS?

A

-Happens after hella stress= inactivity/ vulnerability & decreased energy to sustain heightened responses= burnout

87
Q

What activates the GAS?

A

-Long-term un-escapeable issues= harmful to our health over time

88
Q

What 2 systems of the body does stress activate?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system

- HPA axis

89
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous system?

A

-It is the fight or flight response

90
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

-The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex

91
Q

What causes people to gain weight when they’re stressed?

A

-The increased amount of cortisol

92
Q

What becomes the dominant response to prolonged stressors?

A

-The HPA axis

93
Q

How does the activation of the hypothalamus effect the pituitary gland?

A

-It causes it to secrete Adrenocortocopic Hormone (ACTH)

94
Q

What does the Ardrenocortocopic hormone stimulate?

A

-It stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

95
Q

What is the role of Cortisol in stress for the short-term?

A

-It helps mobilize energies to fight a difficult situation

96
Q

What is the tole of Cortisol in stress for the Long-Term?

A

-It impairs the immune system=detracts from the synthesis of proteins

97
Q

What is Psychoneuroimmunology?

A

-It deals with the way experiences alter the immune system & how the immune system influences the central nervous system

98
Q

What does the nervous system activate in response to a stressful experience?

A

-The immune system

99
Q

What is the role of the immune system in stress?

A

-Increases the production of natural killer cells, leukocytes, and cytokines to deal w/ bacteria

100
Q

What triggers symptoms of illness as a reaction to stress itself?

A

-Cytokines

101
Q

What are the effects of prolonged stress?

A
  • illness
  • Harmful to hippocampus=effects memory
  • Enhances metabolic activity in the body
102
Q

What happens when there’s high metabolic activity in the hippocampus?

A

-The neurons are more sensitive to damage by toxins or over-stimulation

103
Q

What is the effects of PTSD on the hippocampus?

A

-It’s associated w/ smaller hippocampus size

104
Q

What is the effects of PTSD on cortisol levels?

A

-They’re lower= making people more prone to the damaging effects of stress

105
Q

What determines resilience to stress?

A
  • Genes
  • Social support
  • Physical health
  • Previous stressful experiences
106
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

-Frequent periods of anxiety & occasional attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, trembling

107
Q

What population is Panic Disorder most common in?

A

-Women as well as in adolescents and young adults

108
Q

What is the relationship between Panic Disorder and GABA and Orexin Levels?

A
  • Theres decreased GABA= makes you feel anxious

- Increased Orexin=wakefulness

Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 (10 decks)

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