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Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 > CH 5: Vision > Flashcards

CH 5: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What are Sensations?

A
  • Building blocks of an experience (light/dark, bitter etc)

- AKA raw info from the senses

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2
Q

What is Perception?

A

-The collection of processes used to arrive @ meaningful interpretations of sensations

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3
Q

What are the 5 steps of the Perceptual process?

A
  • Environmental stimuli
  • Attended stimuli (focus/ attention for observer)
  • stimulus on receptors (image of stimulus on receptor cells=your senses)
  • Transduction=change from environmental energy to electrical energy in your NS
  • Neural processing= propagation of electrical signal from receptor cells throughout the brain
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4
Q

What is Sense?

A

-System that translates outside info into NS activity

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5
Q

What is the role of our senses?

A

-detect & interpret biologically useful info from our environment

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6
Q

What are our 5 senses?

A
  • Vision
  • Audition
  • Touch
  • Taste
  • Olfaction (smell)
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7
Q

What does perception depend on?

A

-Context, expectations, & sensory messages

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8
Q

What is Bottom-Up processing?

A
  • Processing via physical message delivered to the senses

- AKA raw data from environment & Data-based processing

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9
Q

What is Top-Down processing?

A
  • Processing based on our previous knowledge
  • AKA knowledge-based processing
  • Requires higher-level cognitive processes
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10
Q

What is Attention?

A
  • The internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning
  • Select specific info to further processing
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11
Q

What are the 3 qualities of attention?

A
  • It improves mental processing
  • It takes effort
  • It is limited
  • ISN’T FOOL PROOF
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12
Q

What is a major key to perception?

A

-Attention!

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13
Q

What is Inattentional Blindness?

A

-A stimulus is not perceived even when the person is looking directly at it

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14
Q

What is Change Blindness?

A

-Inability to detect changes in a scene (even when directly attending to it)

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15
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

-People being selective to what they focus on

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16
Q

What are 4 disorders of Visual Attention?

A
  • Simultanagnosia
  • Ballint’s syndrome
  • Oculomotor Appraxia
  • Optic Ataxia
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17
Q

What is Simultanagnosia?

A

-The inability to perceive more than a single object at a time

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18
Q

What is Ballint’s syndrome?

A

-It is the combination of Simultanagnosia & oculomotor apraxia & optic ataxia

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19
Q

What is Oculomotor Apraxia?

A

-Difficulting in fixating the eyes

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20
Q

What is Optic Ataxia?

A

-Inability to move the hand to a specific object by using vision

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21
Q

What are the receptors for vision sensitive to?

A

-Light

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22
Q

What is the role of the vision receptors?

A

-They transduce (convert) energy into electrochemical patterns (nerve impulses)

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23
Q

What is the Law of Specific Nerve Energies?

A

-States that activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same type of info to the brain

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24
Q

How does the brain give us what we see?

A

-Via sensory coding where neurons respond to the Amplitude (amt) of response, the frequency (timing), & the rate of response

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25
Q

Where does light enter through the eye?

A

-In an opening in the center of the iris= Pupil

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26
Q

Where is light focused in our eye?

A

-It is focused by the lens & the cornea onto the rear surface of the eye= Retina

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27
Q

What is the Retina lined with?

A

-Visual receptors

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28
Q

What do visual receptors do?

A

-Send messages to bipolar cells (neurons) located close to the center of the eye

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29
Q

What do Bipolar cells do?

A

-They send messages to the ganglion cells that are even closer to the center of the eye

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30
Q

What do the axons of the Ganglion cells do?

A

-They join together to form the optic nerve that exit through the back of the eye & travels to the brain

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31
Q

What are the messages that are sent by the optic nerve like?

A

-They are in the form of action potentials

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32
Q

What are Amacrine Cells?

A
  • They are additional cells that receive info from bipolar cells & then sends it to other bipolar cells, ganglion, or amacrine cells
  • They also control the ability of ganglion cells to respond to what they need to respond to
33
Q

What are Ganglion cells?

A

-They respond to shape, movement, & other aspects of visual stimuli

34
Q

What is the Blind Spot?

A
  • It is the point where the optic nerve leaves the brain

- AKA has no receptors

35
Q

What is Macula?

A

-It is the center of the human retina

36
Q

What is the central portion of the Macula?

A

-It is the Fovea

37
Q

What is the function of the Fovea?

A
  • It allows for acute/ detailed vision
  • It is packed tight w/ receptors
  • Nearly free of ganglion axons & blood vessels
38
Q

What receptors does the vertebrate Retina consist of?

A
  • Rods

- Cones

39
Q

What are Rods?

A
  • They are most abundant in Peripheral of the eye= respond to faint light
  • There are 120 million per retina
40
Q

What are Cones?

A
  • They are most abundant in Fovea= essential for color vision & bright light
  • There are 6 million per retina
41
Q

What are Photopigments?

A

-Chemicals contained by both rods& cones= releases energy when struck by light

42
Q

What do Photopigments consist of?

A

11 cis-retinal-bound opsins (proteins)= gets converted into all-trans-retinal via light energy

43
Q

How do we see objects Perceptually?

A

-We see objects bc of reflectance in the visible spectrum

44
Q

Why do we see color?

A

-Bc of a specific wavelength reflectance

45
Q

What are the 3 types of Cones?

A
  • Short wavelength=419 nm=Blue
  • Medium Wavelength=531nm=Green
  • Long Wavelength=558nm=Red
46
Q

What is Color Vision Deficiency?

A
  • Impairment in perceiving color differences due to lack of a type of cone or it has abnormalities
  • It is sex-linked on X chromosome
  • Common form is distinguising between red & green
47
Q

What is the Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision?

A
  • Any color can be produced by mixing pure versions of blue, green & red in different ratios
  • CAN’T EXPLAIN negative color afterimage
48
Q

What is the Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision?

A
  • We perceive color in terms of paired opposites
  • Red/green
  • Blue/Yellow
  • Black/white
49
Q

How does the Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision work?

A
  • Bipolar cells are excited by one set of pairs & inhibited by another
  • So when one member of the pair is no longer stimulated, the other is activated
50
Q

What isn’t explained by both of the color theories?

A

-Color constancy= the ability to recognize color despite changes in lighting

51
Q

What is the Retinex Theory?

A

-Suggests the cortex compares info from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness & color of each area

52
Q

What 3 lightness perception phenomena is explained by Lateral Inhibition?

A
  • Hermann Grid=seeing grey spots @ intersections
  • Mach Bands=seeing borders more sharply
  • Simultaneous Contrast=seeing areas of different brightness due to the surrounding areas
53
Q

What is Lateral Inhibition?

A
  • The reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons
  • It is the retina’s way responsible of sharpening contrast to emphasize the borders of objects
54
Q

Who do Rods & Cones make synaptic contact with?

A

-Horizontal cells & Bipolar cells

55
Q

What are Horizontal cells?

A

-They are cells in the eye that make inhibitory contact onto bipolar cells

56
Q

What are Bipolar Cells?

A

-They make synapses onto amacrine cells & ganglion cells

57
Q

What is the Optic Chiasm?

A

-The place where the 2 optic nerves leaving the eyes meet

58
Q

Where do most Ganglion Cells go?

A

-They go the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

59
Q

What is the pathway beyond the Retina?

A
  • Retinal Receptors= RP’s
  • Optic Nerve generates action potentials
  • LGN
  • Primary Visual Cortex (back of brain)
  • Further processing (ventral/dorsal stream)
60
Q

What is the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)?

A
  • It is part of the thalamus specialized for visual perception
  • Composed of 6 layers
  • Sends axons to other parts of the thalamus & to occipital cortex
61
Q

What are the layers is the LGN made of?

A
  • Layers 1 &2= M cells (larger neurons)

- Layers 3-6= P cells (smaller neurons)

62
Q

What are the 3 categories Ganglion cells primarily fall into?

A
  • Parvocellular (P cells) neurons
  • Magnocellular (M cells) neurons
  • Konicellular neurons
63
Q

What are Parvocellular Neurons?

A
  • Highly sensitive to color detection & visual detail
  • Mostly located in/near fovea
  • Have smaller cell bodies & recpetive fields
  • Connect ONLY to LGN
64
Q

What are Magnocellular Neurons?

A
  • Highly Sensitive to large overall pattern & motion
  • Distributed evenly throughout retina
  • Have larger cell bodies & receptive fields
  • Mostly connect to LGN but also other visual areas of thalamus
65
Q

What are Koniocellar Neurons?

A
  • Some are color sensitive but function if not fully known
  • They have small cell bodies
  • Connect to LGN & other parts of the thalamus & superior colliculus
  • These are interspersed between all 6 layers
66
Q

What are the 3 visual pathways in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Mostly P-Cell pathway= details & shape
  • Mostly M-Cell pathway=movement
  • Mixed pathway= sensitive to brightness & color
67
Q

What do neurons have?

A
  • Receptive fields= affects the firing of the neuron

- They can be excitatory or inhibitory

68
Q

What does Neuronal firing depend on?

A
  • Specific location
  • Orientation of the line
  • Movement in a particular direction
69
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the visual cortex & what makes them that?

A
  • Simple cells= have fixed excitatory/inhibitory zones
  • Complex Cells= can repond to certain pattern/ orientation
  • End-Stopped/Hypercomplex cells= have strong inhibitory area in one end
70
Q

What is the Primary Visual Cortex (area V1)?

A

-Recieves info from the LGN & is the area responsible for the first stage of visual processing

71
Q

What happens if area V1 is damaged?

A

-People may show blindsight= Ability to respond to visual stimuli & movement that they report not seeing

72
Q

What is the Secondary Visual Corex (area V2)?

A

-Receives info from area V1, processes it further, & then sends it to other areas

73
Q

What is the relationship between V1 & V2?

A

-Info is transferred in a reciprocal nature

74
Q

What are Feature Detector Neurons?

A

-Cells in the visual cortex= their response indicate the presence of a particular stimuli/ feature

75
Q

What is the Ventral Stream?

A
  • What pathway= identifies & recognizes objects Tambien color & form
  • Composed of P-cell inputs
  • Projects further to inferior temporal cortex
76
Q

What is the Dorsal Stream?

A
  • Where/How pathway=Helps motor system find objects & move towards them
  • Composed of M-cells
  • Projects further to parietal cortex
77
Q

What is Visualagnosia?

A
  • Inability to recognize objects despite having good vision

- Caused by damage to pattern pathway in temporal cortex

78
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A
  • The inability to recognize faces

- Caused by damage to fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex

Behavioral Neuroscience-PSY 222 (10 decks)

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