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Mycology+ > Exam 1: Lec 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lec 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical Significance

Need to consider about yeast

A
  • Quantity of yeast vs. bacteria (normally less than bacteria)
  • Patient on antimicrobial treatment (increase yeast)
  • Not reporting Genus AND species may lead to consequences
    - Isolation from sterile body sites always considered a significant isolate.
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2
Q

Identification

Microscopic of direct specimens

A
  • Gram stain of specimen: Budding yeast, pseudohyphae or true hyphae
  • Wet prep - patient sample and saline for review
  • 0-40% KOH
  • Calcofluor white stain
  • India Ink capsule visualization
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3
Q

Indentification

Macroscopic

A
  • Growth characteristics
  • Very similar to bacteria
  • Most grow well on both yeast/fungus and bacteria specific media (exception - Malassezia sp.)
  • 48 to 72 hours for good colony growth
  • 30 or 37℃
  • Smooth, creamy colonies: Pigment, “Feet”, Mucoid - capsule
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4
Q

Identfication

Biochemical Indentification

Part 1

A
  • Germ tube - Hyphal-like extension of yeast cells that are not constricted
  • Example: Candida albicans/ dubliniensis, (dubliniensis not commercial media)
  • If greater than 2 hours then a possible FALSE positive
  • Rapid and inexpensive test
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5
Q

Identification

Biochemical Identification

Part 2

A
  • Chromogenic agars
  • CHROagar Candida
  • Differentiation of 10 species, presumptive ID of the C. albicans, C.Tropicalis, C. krusei
  • ID are only presumptive, variation in colony color is found
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6
Q

Identification

Biochemical Identification

Part 3

A
  • Rapid Systems use carbohydrate or nitrate assimilation for FULL ID - Assimilation - utilization of caarbon or nitrogen source by a microorganism in the presence of oxygen
  • Identification systems
  • Cornmeal Tween 80
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7
Q

Define Assimilation

Biochemical Identification:

Rapid systems use carbohydrate or nitrate assimiliation for FULL ID

A

Utilization of carbon or nitrogen source by a microorganism in the presence of oxygen

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8
Q

Identification: Biochemical Identification

Identification Systems

Part 3

Highlighted

A
  • Molecular Methods: BioFire, T2 BioSystem, NAAT
    -Phenotypic Characterization Methods: Vitek-Yeast Biochemical Card, Microscan Rapid Yeast ID, API 20C, API Candida, Uni Yeast Tek
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9
Q

Identification: Biochemical Identification

Cornmeal Tween 80

Part 3

Highlighted

A
  • Confirm Phenotypic ID with morphology
  • Chlamydospore development and blastoconidia, arthroconidia, pseudohyphae and true hyphae
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10
Q

Candida spp. Virulence Factors

Reversable Morphological Transitions - Polymorphism and Switching

A
  • Switching from yeast (dissemination), pseudohyphae and hyphae (cell invasion) - Direct relationship with the ability to cause disease
  • Normal yeast (white) to elongated cell type (opaque) - White - opaque switching influences the ability to colonize and proliferate in specific host
    niches and its susceptibility to host defense mechanisms
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11
Q

Candida spp. Virulence Factors

Adhesion

A
  • Degree of glycosylation of cell surface mannoproteins affect yeast cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion to epithelial cells
  • Multiple genes involved, most pathogenic isolates demostrate ability to adhere to different cell types
  • Protein possess adhesion like sequence (ALS), a role in biofilm formation
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12
Q

Candida spp. VIrulence Factor

Invasion and Penetration

A
  • 3 main classes of hydrolases: proteases, phospholipases and lipases contribute to active penetration into host cells
  • Induces host cells to engulf the fungal pathogens or results in invasion of host epithelial and endothelial cells by active hyphae penetration.
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13
Q

Candida albicans

What is the Habitat of Candida albicans

A
  • Normal flora - skin, mouth, vagina, stool
  • Environment - leaves, flowers, water and soil
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14
Q

Candida albicans

What is the Clinical Significance of C. albicans

Highlighted

A
  • Most common cause of mycoses worldwide
  • Growth at 42-45℃
  • Germ tube positive

Bold is highlighted

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15
Q

Candida albicans

What are 8 types of things C. albicans cause

A
  • Oral candidiasis (Thrush)
  • Vaginal candidiasis
  • Cutaneous candidiasis
  • Onychmycosis
  • Brochopulmonary
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Intestinal candidiasis
  • Systemic
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16
Q

Candida albicans

Oral Candidiasis

A
  • Also known as Thrush
  • infants, elderly, immunosuppressed (AIDS), transplant recipients, leukemia, cancer, TB, diabetes
  • Treated/ prevented: oral contraceptives, antibacterial treatment
17
Q

Candidia albicans

Vaginal candidiasis

A
  • Pregnancy, diabetic
  • isolate repeatedly
18
Q

Candida albicans

Cutaneous candidiasis

A
  • Localized or disseminated
  • Red, inflamed patches
  • Those at risk: Obese, alocholic, sweats profusely
  • Yeast isolated in large numbers

Mycology+ (12 decks)

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