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Mycology+ > Exam 1: Lec 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Fungi?

Classified in this kingdom because

A
  • Absorb food directly through their cell walls
  • Reproduce sexually and asexually
  • None conduct photosynthesis
  • Absorptive Heterotrophs
  • Saprobic, parasitic, or mutualistic:
  • Digestive enzymes are secreted outside of the cell(s) to break down large molecules in the enviroment
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2
Q

What are Fungi?

Absorbative Heterotrophs

A
  • Organism utilized complex material from the evironment for energy source
  • Good recyclers:
  • Decompose dead organisms and waste
  • Also decompose cellulose, lignin and keratin
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3
Q

What are Fungi?

Saprobes:

A

Absorb nutrients from dead organic matter

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4
Q

What are Fungi?

Parasities

A

Absorb nutrients from living hosts

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5
Q

What are Fungi?

Mutualists

A

Derive nutrients from other organisms in a way that benefits both partners

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6
Q

Fungi are also called

A

Thallophytes - considered lower plants
- One cell or a relatively undifferentiated mass of cells called a thallus instead of having an organized plant body

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7
Q

Medical Mycology

5 things about the mycology

A
  • Aerobic
  • Eukaryotic with membrane-bound nucleus
  • Cell wall of chitin
  • Cell membrane
  • Require carbon source
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8
Q

Medical Mycology

Cell wall of chitin

A
  • 5-10% protein witn 50-60% carbohydrate polymer
  • Responsible for alkai resistance
  • Resist osmotic pressure
  • Provides strength
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9
Q

Medical Mycology

Cell membrane

A

-Ergosterol (provitamin D2) or zymosterol (unsturated sterol, resembles ergosterol, intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol)

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10
Q

Fungal Morphology

Yeast Morphology

A
  • Unicellular
  • Individual oval to round cells
  • Bud to form daughter cells = Blastoconidia or blastospores
  • Following mitosis, one daughter nucleus is sequestered in a small bleb outgrowth of cytoplasm that is isolated from the parent cell by the formation a a new wall
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11
Q

Fungal Morphology

Mold Morphology

A
  • Multicellular
  • Hyphae - long strand of cells
  • With crosswalls = septate
  • Without crosswalls = aseptate/ nonseptate or coenocytic
  • Mass/ group of hyphae = mycelium
  • Pseudohyphae (false hyphae) - Elongated blastoconidia, constriced at their point of attachment, true hyphae are not constricted
  • Rapidly grow, and may be able to produce spores in fruiting structures
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12
Q

Mold Morphology

Hyphae

A

Long strand of cells,

Mycelium

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13
Q

Mold Morphology

Hyphae with crosswalls

A

Septate

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14
Q

Mold morphology

Hyphae without crosswalls

A

Aseptate/ Nonseptate or coenocytic

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15
Q

Mold Morphology

Mass/ group of hyphae

A

Mycelium

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16
Q

Mold Morphology

Pseudohyphae (false hyphae)

A

Elongated blastoconidia, constricted at their point of attachment, true hyphae are not constricted

17
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A
  • Two shaped fungi
  • Fungal isolate that in response to temperature or CO2 concentration some isolates can switch between yeast morphologies and mold morphologies
  • Human pathogenic isolates demonstrate different morphologies based upon temperature, thermally dimorphic
  • Yeast (tissue phase) 35-37℃
  • Mold (hyphal) 25-30℃
18
Q

Fungal Morphology

Spores

A
  • Single celled, reproductive structures
  • Can be produce sexually or asexually reproduction
  • Extremely small and easily spread:
  • May cause infection upon inhalation or entry into skin abrasion
19
Q

Fungal Reproduction

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Generally faster, but less genetic diversity
  • Most common - asexual spores
  • Produced by one one parent only (through mitosis)
  • Genetically identical to that parent
  • Released from the parent hypha
20
Q

Fungal Reproduction

Sexual reproduction

A
  • Slower but greater genetic diversity
  • Occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions
  • Fungal mating types “+” and “-“ not male and female as hyphae are morphologically indistinguishable
  • Both mating types present in the mycelium = homothallic or self-fertile
  • Heterothallic mycelia require two different, but compatible, mycelia to reproduce sexually
21
Q

Fungal Reproduction

Genetic diversity

A

Increases the probability that some members of the species have traits that will allow those individuals to survive some kind of selective pressure. Thus, making it more likely the species will prevail

22
Q

Types of Infection

Intoxication

A
  • Accidental or recreational ingestion of fungal metabolities: alkaloids, psychotropic chemicals, aflatoxin, other toxin substances
  • Mycotoxicosis -
  • Mycetismus- mushroom poisoning resulting from eating mycotoxins found within the intact mushroom
23
Q

Types of Infection

Hypersensitivity disease

A
  • Allergic disease
  • Type 1 hypersensitivity - fungal spore exposure
  • Inhalation - asthma
  • Skin - eczema
  • Eye/ sinus ( nasal mucous membrane) - rhinitis, hay fever
24
Q

Types of Infection

Colonization

A
  • Yeast isolates are commonly identified as normal microbiota of skin and mucous membranes
25
Q

Types of Infection

Infection

A
  • Mild and self- limiting or severe life threatening
  • Opportunistic or true-pathogenic isolates regardleess of immune status
26
Q

Four categories of infection

Superfical & Cutaneous

A
  • Dermatophytes
  • Affecting superficial layer of skin, hair, and nails
  • Cause little or no inflammation
  • Example: Trichophyton sp.
27
Q

Four catergories of infection

Subcutaneous mycoses

A
  • Localized infections of subcutaneous tissue following the traumatic implantation of the aetiologic agent
  • Results in significant inflammation
  • Example: Sporothrix schenckii
28
Q

Four catergories of infection

Systemic mycosis

A
  • Deep tissue and organ infection resulting from dissemination of from other area (lung, skin, tramatic injury)
  • Example: Blastomyces, Cryptococcus sp.
29
Q

Four catergories of infection

Opportunistic

A
  • Immunocompromised
  • Example: Aspergillus, Zygomycetes, Candida sp.

Mycology+ (12 decks)

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