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Therapeutic Modalities II > Exam 1 - Kines text Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Kines text Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes us to move and what allows us to move efficiently without apparent thought?

A

(some of these systems include:)
Neuromuscular system
Muscular system
skeletal structures

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2
Q

Part of the peripheral nervous system; efferent or motor innervation controlling the viscera; innervates smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands; supplies info from the INTERNAL environment; basically it helps maintain internal balance as it responds to internal stimuli

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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3
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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4
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

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5
Q

Also called efferent; relays information from the CNS to structures that need to react or respond; carries info away from CNS

A

Motor Neuron

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6
Q

The division of the Nervous System that includes the brain & spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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7
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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8
Q

The division of nervous system that links the CNS with the muscles and glands; provides sensory info to the CNS; further subdivided into autonomic and somatic divisions

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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9
Q

Also called afferent; transmits signals from receptors to the CNS; carries info to the CNS

A

Sensory Neuron

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10
Q

Subdivision of the PNS; sensory receptors and nerves related to the external environment; nerves linking these to the CNS and efferent nerves returning to the skeletal muscle; responds to things happening outside of the body

A

Somatic Division

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11
Q

Organs located within body cavities

A

Viscera

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12
Q

Motor neurons in the CNS are referred to as _________.

A

UMNs - upper motor neron

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13
Q

Motor neurons in the PNS

A

LMNs

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14
Q

T/F - the ANS has cell bodies in both the CNS and PNS

A

T

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15
Q

Loss of voluntary movement due to increase in muscle tone including spasms, tendon reflexes are increased or hyperexcitable

A

spastic

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16
Q

What is hypertonia?

A

increased muscle tone - Jason suffers from this

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17
Q

Kinesiology for $500: This is known as a loss of voluntary movement due to lack of muscle tone; tendon reflexes are also decreased or absent.

A

What is flaccid paralysis? Correct!

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18
Q

What is hypotonia?

A

decreased muscle tone

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19
Q

loss of muscle refers to

A

atrophy

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20
Q

T/F - Peripheral nerves have the capacity for regeneration and repair if the cell body remains intact

A

T

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21
Q

How much does the peripheral nerves regenerate?

A

2 to 4 mm/day

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22
Q

CNS is divided into 5 levels of control - what are these 5 levels of control?

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord

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23
Q

The cerebral (motor) cortex is concerned with ______ movement.

A

voluntary

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24
Q

related to the canal of the ear, the organ of equillibrium

A

vestibular

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25
Q

the ability to receive stimuli from within one’s body, such as from muscles, tendons, & other internal tissues

A

proprioceptive

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26
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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27
Q

This disease is characterized by degenerative changes in the alveoli, resulting in breathlessness on exertion.

A

COPD

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28
Q

Incoordination; inability to execute coordinated voluntary movement; loss of smooth execution of movement

A

Ataxia

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29
Q

wasting of tissue, esp. in muscle due to lack of use

A

atrophy

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30
Q

irregular, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles, often described as dance-like motions

A

Chorea

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31
Q

Difficulty in performing voluntary movements; (The word is divided into two parts - ___ meaning bad or difficult, ______ referring to movement)

A

Dyskinesia

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32
Q

Accumulation of excessive amounts of watery fluid in cells, tissues or serious cavities

A

Edema

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33
Q

External receivers, afferent nerve endings that respond to stimulation by external agents, specialized in receiving info from the external envionment, such as the eyes

A

Exteroreceptors

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34
Q

Sometimes referred a flexor reflex, protective; the withdrawal of a limb in response to painful stimulation

A

flexor withdrawl

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35
Q

relaxed, without tone

A

flaccid

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36
Q

“above or over tone” - extreme tension of the muscles

A

hypertonia

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37
Q

“under tone”; having a lesser degree of tension; diminished muscular tone

A

hypotonia

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38
Q

“Internal receivers,” afferent nerve endings or receptors that respond to stimulation from within the body, primarily from visceral organs.

A

Interoreceptors

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39
Q

the normal state of tension of muscles caused by partial contractions of some of the muscle fibers

A

Tone

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40
Q

loss of power of voluntary movement in a muscle through injury or disease to its nerve supply

A

paralysis

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41
Q

A sensory end-organ in muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and inner ear allowing us to know the location of one body part in relation to another; activated by movement or action of the organism itself

A

proprioceptor

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42
Q

a state of increased muscular tone, muscles are continuously tight or stiff

A

spasticity

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43
Q

slight stretching of a muscle lengthens fibers, causing stimulation of sensory endings, which leads to contraction of the muscle. Protective reflex to avoid overstretching

A

stretch reflex

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44
Q

related to the vestibule of the ear; a vestibule is a small space or region at the entrance of a canal

A

vestibular

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45
Q

Muscle tension develops, but the muscle length does not change.

A

Isometric contraction

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46
Q

The length of the muscle changes, causing joint movement (think doing bicep curls, bringing the dumbbells toward you)

A

isotonic contractions

47
Q

An isotonic contraction is considered ________ when the muscle shortens and the joint angle is decreased.

A

concentric

48
Q

If your muscle contracts with less force than needed to overcome resistance, ____ contraction occurs. The muscle is lengthening under stress

A

eccentric

49
Q

The muscle’s ability to shorten in length

A

contractility

50
Q

A muscle’s ability to be stretched or lengthened

A

extensibility

51
Q

A muscle’s ability to return to its original length after it has been stretched

A

elasticity

52
Q

The capacity of the muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus, whether that’s chemical, electrical or mechaical

A

irritability

53
Q

knees secrete a special fluid

A

synovial fluid

54
Q

decubiti

A

ulcers/bed sores

55
Q

Increase the pain-free movement avail at a given joint. Cannot be performed voluntarily

A

accessory motion

56
Q

Three types of accessory motions

A

roll, spin, and glide

57
Q

Joints - 3 types

A

synarthrodial, amphiarhrodial, diarthrodial

58
Q

_____ joints are enclosed w/in a joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint - thus, these joints are also referred to as _____ joints.

A

diarthrodial; synovial

59
Q

____________ joints allow for the most movement

A

diarthrodial

60
Q

____________ joints in the hand represent joints w/ 2 degrees of freedom

A

metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

61
Q

Which joint allows 3 degrees of freedom?

A

ball and socket

62
Q

In addition to voluntary motions, _________ motions increase the pain-free movement available at a given joint.

A

accessory

63
Q

The 3 types of accessory motions

A

roll, spin, & glide

64
Q

Each dorsal nerve root receives feedback from a specific area of skin on the body - the specific area is labeled a ____________.

A

dermatome

65
Q

Which 2 nerves do the brachal plexus service

A

Radial & Ulnar

66
Q

Which 2 nerves do the lumbosacral plexus service

A

femoral & sciatic

67
Q

Where the muscle begins

A

origin

68
Q

The ________ is usally distal or farther away from the trunk and midline of the body & is considered the most movable part.

A

insertion

69
Q

This terminology is used when the insertion is stable & the origin moves toward the insertion (like a push-up)

A

reversal of muscle function

70
Q

______ muscles originate distal to the joint

A

intrinsic

71
Q

______ muscles originate proximal to the joint

A

extrinsic

72
Q

The skull & trunk compose the ________ skeleton

A

axial

73
Q

The extremities (and other things) compose the _______ skeleton

A

appendicular

74
Q

Give an example of a bony projection “crest”

A

iliac crest, crest of tibia

75
Q

Give an example of a bony projection “epicondyle”

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

76
Q

Give an example of a bony projection “process”

A

olecranon process, styloid process

77
Q

Give an example of a bony projection “spine”

A

anterior superior iliac spine

78
Q

Give an example of a bony projection “trochanter”

A

Greater trochanter of femur, malleolus

79
Q

Name the 3 planes

A

Frontal (coronal)
Transverse (horizontal)
Sagittal (anterioposterior)

80
Q

frontal plane divides body

A

anterior and posterior

81
Q

Transverse plane divides body

A

upper and lower

82
Q

sagittal plane

A

left and right

83
Q

The axis for movement on the frontal plane is

A

sagittal axis

84
Q

The axis for movement on the sagittal plane is the

A

frontal axis

85
Q

The axis for movement on the transverse plane is the

A

vertical axis

86
Q

Joint types include (the specific kinds like We all know ball and socket - what are some more?):

A 
ball and socket
hinge
saddle 
pivot
gliding (remember carpal bones)
condyloid
87
Q

Lateral movement away from midline or center of body

A

abduction

88
Q

medial movement toward midline or center of body

A

adduction

89
Q

bending of joint; usually reduces joint angle

A

flexion

90
Q

joint angle increases, straightening

A

extension

91
Q

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction leading to circular motion

A

circumduction

92
Q

rotary movement around vertical axis of bone away from midline of body

A

lateral rotation

93
Q

rotary movement around vertical axis of bone toward midline of body

A

medial rotation

94
Q

position of forearm when palm is facing down

A

pronation

95
Q

position of forearm when palm is facing up

A

supination

96
Q

humerus positioned in horizontal plane, arm raised to 90 degrees, with movement away from midline and toward back of body

A

horizontal abduction

97
Q

humerus positioned in horizontal plan, arm raised to 90 degrees, with movement toward midline and front of body

A

horizontal adduction

98
Q

movement of head, neck, or trunk laterally away from midline or center of body

A

Lateral flexion

99
Q

toward the front of the body

A

anterior

100
Q

toward the back of the body

A

posterior

101
Q

toward the head or higher than another structure

A

superior

102
Q

toward the feet or lower than another structure

A

inferior

103
Q

toward the midline

A

medial

104
Q

toward the sides of the body, away from the midline, on or to the side

A

lateral

105
Q

toward or closer to the attachment to the trunk or origin, nearer to the center of the body

A

proximal

106
Q

away from or further from the midline of the body

A

distal

107
Q

toward the surface of the body

A

superficial

108
Q

toward the inside of the body

A

deep

109
Q

opposite sides of body - right vs left

A

contralateral

110
Q

on the same side of the body; right arm and right leg are

A

ipsilateral

111
Q

lying on stomach in face-down position

A

prone

112
Q

lying on back in a face-up position

A

supine

113
Q

The two reference Positions that may be used to describe movement and illustrate planes are the _______position and the _____position

A

anatomical position and fundamental position

Therapeutic Modalities II (19 decks)

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