Exam 1- Heart/vessels Flashcards
the top of the heart is called the:
the bottom of the heart is the:
base
apex
Layers of the heart
Pericardium- fibrous outermost sac containing fluid
Epicardium- thing, outermost layer of the heart
Myocardium- muscle
Endocardium- inner surface
rhythmic movement of blood through the heart
cardiac cycle
S1
S2
S3
S4
S1- Atrioventricular valves shut (tri and bicuspid)
S2- Semilunar valves shut (pulmonic and aortic)
S3- abnormal sound heard after S2 can be normal in kid
S4- abnormal sound heard before S1
if you hear a S3 what should you immediately do to the patient?
put them into the L lateral position and listen to heart with BELL side
what is a murmur?
a gentle, blowing swooshing sound
Stroke volume
Afterload
- amount of blood ejected with each beat
- resistance the heart gets against when contracting
when checking for conjestive heart failure what are the main signs?
- Dyspnea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
- Orthopnea ( sleeping upright)
coughing up blood, or blood stained mucus is called:
hemoptysis
acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply
angina pectoris
caused by inflammation of the pericardium. High-pitched and scratchy like sandpaper being rubbed
Pericardial Friction Rub
Blowing, swooshing sound that occurs due to turbulent blood flow in the heart or great vessels
murmur
An abnormal sound that Indicates atrial septal defect and occurs after foramen ovale and septum have closed
Split S2
If you suspect that the venous pressure is elevated or suspect heart failure, you should perform what exam?
Hepatojugular Reflux
If a vein is 4-5cm when performing the hepatojugular reflux test, then its positive for:
jugular distention
the jugular venous pulse reflects activity of the:
right side of the heart
Carotid arteries: (3)
- Most accessible of arteries closest to heart
- tells about activity on the let side of the heart
- assess for bruit
coughing up blood tinged sputum
Hemoptysis
sleeping in an upright position in order to not feel short of breathe due to a heart issue
orthopnea
“clenched fist” chest pain
Angina
Pregnant female:
- Blood volume % increases
- Cardiac output increases
- Peripheral Vasodilation
A pregnant females pulse ^ by __-___ beats/minute
10-15 beats/minute
Infants have two distinct features in their hearts that are distinguished (2)
- Foramen Ovale
2. Ductus Arteriosus
opening between right and left atrium which allows blood to go straight across
Foramen Ovale
Connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. Should close within 10-15 hours of birth.
Ductus Arteriosis
amount of blood ejected with each beat
stroke volume
resistance the heart goes against when contracting
Afterload
Electrical Conduction pathway of heart
1. SA node 2 AV node 3. Bundle of his 4. R/L bundle branches 5. Purkinje Fibers 6. Ventricles
S3 is normal when heard in:
and abnormal when heard in:
normal: children, adults 35 and younger, and 3rd trimester pregnancy
abnormal: older adults- indicates heart failure
S4 is heard just before: ___
S1
Split S2
when one valve closes slightly faster than the other. Nothing to be alarmed about
Layers of the heart:
- Pericardium
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
