Exam #1 Chapters 1 and 4 Flashcards
What is “gross anatomy”
aka “macroscopic” anatomy, studies large, visible structures
Regional anatomy is study of
body areas
Systemic anatomy is the study of
organ systems
What is a normal range or set point?
A value that measures whether the body is in homeostasis. For example, 98.6 degrees is the sets point for body temperature.
Four main vital signs are
• 1. Temperature
• 2. Blood pressure
• 3. Pulse rate
• 4. Respiratory rate
What is autoregulation?
It is INTRINSIC. It is an automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some
environmental change
What is Extrinsic regulation?
• Extrinsic – “external or outside”
• Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
Two major Mechanisms Used to
Maintain Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
• The response of the effector negates the stimulus
• Body is brought back into homeostasis
Positive Feedback
• The response of the effector increases change of the
stimulus
• Body is moved away from homeostasis
• Normal range is lost
• Used to speed up processes
Supine (anatomical position)
Lying down, face up
Prone (anatomical position)
Lying down, face down
Proximal (anatomical position) means
towards the ATTACHED BASE
Ex: The thigh is proximal to the foot
Caudal (anatomical position) means
The tail or coccyx
Ex: The hips are caudal to the waist
3 functions of body cavities
- Protect organs from
accidental shocks - Permit changes in size and
shape of internal organs - Allow organs to be
separated and isolated from
each other
2 cavities in the Dorsal Body Cavity
- Cranial cavity
- Vertebral cavity
Three cavities in the Ventral Body Cavity
- Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm divides - Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
What lines body cavities and covers
organs?
Serous membranes
2 layers of serous membranes
Parietal layer: lines cavity – Space between two layers
creates another “cavity. Filled with serous fluid!!!
Visceral layer: covers organ
The spleen would be found in what region/quadrant
Left hypochondriac region
Left Upper Quadrant
The appendix and urinary bladder would be found in what quadrant/region
Hypogastric region
(hypo meaning “below” and “gastric” meaning stomach)
Appendix would be RLQ or Right Lower Quadrant
Urinary bladder is in the middle of both Lower Quadrants
The gallbladder would be found in what region/quadrant
Umbilical region
Right Upper Quadrant
What cavity contains reproductive organs, rectum,
and bladder
Pelvic Cavity
What is the chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity called?
Peritoneal cavity, contains the parietal and visceral peritoneum.
– Parietal peritoneum: lines the
internal body wall
– Visceral peritoneum: covers the
organs
What chamber contains the digestive organs?
Abdominal cavity
Cavities and Organs of Thoracic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural cavities (R&L)
– Contains lungs (R&L)
Visceral Pleura
– Pleural Cavity
Parietal Pleural
Mediastinum
– Upper portion filled with blood
vessels, trachea, esophagus, and
thymus
Pericardial cavity
– Contains the heart
• Visceral pericardium
– Pericardial cavity
• Parietal Pericardium
identify
identify
identify
identify
Identify
Compare and contrast the fields of anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy is the study of structure.
Physiology is the study of function.
What is the difference between microscopic and macroscopic anatomy.
Describe the levels of organization of the human body and be able to arrange them according to complexity.
- chemical level
- cell level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organism level
List all eleven organ systems of the human body and be able to recognize or list the components and functions of each (only the ones discussed in class)
integumentary system
skeletal system
musculoskeletal system
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary system
reproductive system (male and female)
The pancreas can be found in two systems; which are they?
Digestive system and Endocrine system
What function do the respiratory system and the renal system have in common?
pH balance or acid/base balance
Which is the only organ system that can be removed and not kill you!
Reproductive System
What is a major function of the skin that involves sunlight.
Vitamin D production. When exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin produces a molecule that can transformed into the hormonal form of vitamin D, and important regulator of calcium homeostasis.
Integument is another name for the ________.
Skin
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Secretion of hormones the primary function. This regulatory system also influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
How is the lymphatic system important in regulating interstitial fluid?
Lymphatic capillaries collect fluid from interstitial spaces of the body, becoming lymph. Lymph passes through the lymphatic vessels back to the blood.
Define the terms: Homeostasis, Set point, Autoregulation,, Intrinsic regulation, Extrinsic regulation
Homestasis: maintenance of a constant stable environment within the body
Set point: an ideal normal value
Autoregulation:
Intrinsic regulation
Extrinsic regulation
List and define the three components of a feedback loop.
Receptor
Control center
effector
Name the four primary types of tissues and give a brief description on each.
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
How are epithelial tissues classified.
- number of cell layers
- shape of cells at apical surface or superficial cells.
What are the major characteristics of epithelial tissues?
Epithelial tissue will line body cavities and hollow organs and it covers body surfaces that are exposed to the
environment. The cells in an epithelial tissue are tightly packed together and there is little space between
them. Because epithelial tissues are located on free surfaces, they must be attached to the underlying tissues.
- Form the following list of epithelial tissues:
a. Describe the characteristics of the tissue
b. What is the primary function of the tissue
c. Where is the tissue found in the body. - Simple squamous 2. Simple cuboidal 3. Simple columnar 4. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar 5. Transitional 6. Stratified squamous (keratinized and non-keratinized) 7. Glandular
How are epithelial tissues nourished?
Epithelial tissues are avascular (lack a blood supply), so nutrients must move to these tissues’ cells from adjacent connective tissues. If well nourished, epithelial cells can easily regenerate themselves. An example of this process is the skin: Superficial skin cells are dead from lack of nutrition, but the deepest skin cells are well nourished. The superficial dead cells are continually being rubbed off with everyday activity. This is usually not a problem; however, as the lost cells are replaced by underlying cells that continually divide and push upward. As these cells move upward, they are removed from their nutrient supply, die, and slough off the body just like the ones they replaced.
Why are epithelial tissues more likely to become cancerous?
Because they have a high rate of mitosis.
What characteristics do collagen fibers give a connective tissue?
Strength.
What characteristics do elastic fibers give a connective tissue?
The ability to stretch and snap back.
What is a lacunae? Which types of tissues are lacunae found in?
Lacunae is found in bone and cartilage. In cartilage, lacunae is what houses the chondrocytes. In bone, lacunae is a small space containing an osteocyte.
What is the function of a goblet cell and which epithelial tissues are they commonly found in.
Goblet cells secrete mucous and they are most common in Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium and Simple Columnar Epithelium
What are the different types of connective tissues?
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose CT
Dense CT
Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood
Lymph
Supporting Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Bone
List the general characteristics of connective tissues?
Specialized cells located in a
Matrix composed of
1. Extracellular protein fibers
2. Extracellular ground substance
3. Majority of tissue volume
4. Determines specialized function
For each of the following, describe the structure, function and a location in the body:
b. areolar or loose c. adipose d. reticular e. dense regular f. dense irregular g. elastic cartilage h. hyaline cartilage i. bone
j. blood
k. fibrocartilage l. elastic connective
pg 126 text
areolar: cells are fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes. loose packing, support. found throughout body: dermis, between muscles, surrounding blood vessels.
adipose: adipocytes. insulation, energy storage, protection of organs. around kidneys, hypodermis.
reticular: fine network of irregularly oriented reticular fibers. Network-like support/structure. Spleen, kidney, lymph node, bone marrow.
dense regular: Dense regular connective tissue consists of densely packed collagen fibers - all oriented in the same direction. Between the collagen fibers -scattered fibroblasts. Tendons, most ligaments, aponeurosis.
dense irregular: collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged, this allows the tissue to withstand pulling forces from many directions. Scattered fibroblasts. Found in dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, organ capsules.
elastic cartilage: elastic fibers. more flexible than hyaline but rigid. snap back. external ears.
hyaline cartilage: collage fibers evenly throughout, chondrocytes in lacunae. Allow long bones to grow, rigid and flexible. Trachea, ribs, nose. Strong and smooth yet flexible articulating cartilage too.
fibrocartilage: more collagen in thick bundles. kinda flexible, good for pressure and connecting structures subject to great pressure. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, articular discs, knee pads.
bone: osteons or Haversian systems. Osteons have a
significant amount of matrix with few spaces. Central canal at center of osteon. The canals run the length of the bone and contain blood vessels and nerves. The smaller spaces in the osteon are called lacunae. The cells within the lacunae are osteocytes.
blood: blood cells, fluid matrix. transports gases, hormones, nutrients, waste products, protects body from infections, temp regulation. within blood vessels.
What is extracellular matix?
protein fibers
ground substance
What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissues?
elastic
collagen
reticular
FIBERS
Name the specialized cells associated with each of the connective tissues.
- Adipose
- Areolar (loose)
- Reticular
- Dense Regular
- Dense Irregular
- Dense Bone
- Hyaline cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
10.Fibrocartilage
11.Blood
Which connective tissues are avascular?
Cartilage, Epithelial tissue
How does a poor blood supply affect the tissue?
Body tissues rely on a steady supply of blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients. although epidermis is avascular, the DERMIS is rich with blood vessels.
What is the function of keratin?
Provides protection against water loss from the body.
Which type of general tissue produces keratin?
Epithelial tissue
Several different types of intracellular connections can be found within epithelial tissue, be sure to understand the function of each and know where they would be found.
Desmosomes: disk-shaped regions of cell membrane;
often found in areas that are subjected to stress.• Contain especially adhesive glycoproteins.
• Intermediate protein filaments extend into cytoplasm of
cells.
• Hemidesmosomes: half of a desmosome; attach
epithelial cells to basement membrane.
• Tight Junctions: hold cells together, form permeability
barrier.
• Adhesion belt: composed of glycoproteins that act as
a weak glue to hold cells together; found just below
tight junction.
• Gap Junctions: protein channels aid intercellular
communication.• Allows ions and small molecules to pass through.
• Coordinate function of cardiac and smooth muscl
Understand the significance of the following epithelial specializations: cilia, microvilli and goblet cells.
Cilia- motile extensions that move substances
across the surface of the cell. For example mucus
in the respiratory system
Microvilli- extensions of the cell membrane that
increase cell surface area and allow for greater
absorption. For example, the lining of the small
intestine to absorb nutrients
of Exocrine Glands
of Unicellular glands• Single cell
• For example, goblet (mucus-producing) cells
Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface.• Move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the free surface and from passages.
How is a simple epithelial tissue different from a stratified epithelial tissue?
Simple epithelium
• single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium
• several layers of cells
What are the common shapes of epithelial cells?
• Squamous epithelia
• thin and flat
• Cuboidal epithelia
• square shaped
• Columnar epithelia
• tall, slender rectangles
Define mesothelium and endothelium
Simple squamous epithelium that lines walls of body cavities/organs is called mesothelium. Endothelium is simple squamous that lines blood vessels.
What are the 3 basic components found within connective tissue?
What are the three general categories for connective tissue?
Connective Tissue Proper
Supporting Connective Tissue
Fluid Connective Tissue
List the 3 types of loose connective tissue.
areolar, reticular, adipose
What is the major difference between dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue?
the orientation of the collagen fibers
Know the characteristics/locations for skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
skeletal muscle: attached to bone or other CT
cardiac muscle: heart
smooth muscle: wall of hollow organs ex. stomach, small/large intestines
What are the two major cell types of the nervous system?
Neurons and glia
The nervous system is made up of neurons - specialized cells that can receive and transmit chemical or electrical signals and glia - cells that provide support for the neurons. A neuron can be compared to an electrical wire. It transmits a signal from one place to another.
Glia can be compared to the workers at the electric company who make sure wires go to the right places, maintain the wires, and take down wires that are broken.
Name the different types of specialized cells located in connective tissue proper?
What are the specific characteristics of the three different types of muscle tissues?
smooth muscle tissue: tapered ends, not striated, have a single nucleus.
skeletal muscle tissue: striated - alternating light/dark bands, multiple nuclei per cell usually pushed to the periphery of cell, segmented and cylindrical, not branched.
cardiac muscle tissue: intercalated disks, striated, nucleus usually centered, segmented and cylindrical. BRANCHED!!
Name the three major types of serous membranes.
3 types of serous membranes
pleura
pericardium
peritoneum
What is the difference between a parietal membrane and a visceral membrane?
Parietal membranes line the walls of the cavity
Visceral membrane line the actual organ or structure, they are in contact with the organ itself.
What is the importance of serous fluid, synovial fluid and mucus?
Many functions
Mucus can protect, absorb, and secrete depending on location
Serous fluid lubricates to make surfaces slippery. Protect inner organs from friction. Hold organs in place. Act as barriers to prevent fluid buildup in their cavities.
Synovial fluid lines joints to make them slippery, allowing for fluid movement.
Where are mucous membranes found?
found lining cavities and canals that open to outside of body. Ex: digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive passages. Consists of epithelial cells, basement membrane, thick layer of loose CT called lamina propria. Many have mucous glands (unicellular like goblet cells and multicellular too). Lines nasal passages, inflamed mucous membrane is a runny nose. Lines small intestine.
Where are synovial membrane found?
found lining freely movable joints. made of only CT. produce synovial fluid, very slippery (because it consists of hyaluronic acid).
Where are serous membranes found?
can be found lining cavities that do not open to the exterior of body. NO GLANDS but secrete serous fluid, protecting internal organs from friction, holding them in place, and acting as barriers to prevent large amounts of fluid from accumulating in serous cavities. Consists of mesothelium, basement membrane, delicate layer of loose CT.
Examples: pericardial, pleural, peritoneal cavities.
Name the three categories of connective tissue
pg. 117 see chart
Connective Tissue Proper, Fluid Connective Tissue, Supporting Connective Tissue
Name the two categories of fluid connective tissues.
“Blood Connective Tissue”
and
Lymph
Name the two types of supportive connective tissues.
Supportive or supporting connective tissue, 2 types:
“Cartilage Connective Tissue”
“Bone Connective Tissue”
What is the major difference between fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage?
Difference between fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage is the elasticity. Elastic cartilage has elastic fibers in the matrix, allowing for way more FLEXIBILITY. Fibrocartilage is somewhat flexible, but its thick bundles allow it to connect structures and withstand great pressure.
Locations
Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis
Elastic: External ear
Name each of the specialized cells in blood and their functions.
Specialized cells in blood are:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (cell fragments)
What are the substances produced by cells that are tissue glue?
pg.112
Book says “weak glue” would be adhesion belts. They’re found just below the tight junction. Not as strong as desmosomes. Desmosomes could also be considered glue, but stronger
Desmosomes are glycoprotein connections between cells that form a relatively strong adhesive. They bind cells together. Found in epithelial tissue that is subjected to stress, such as stratified squamous epithelial tissue (example, epidermis).
Hemidesmosome (“hemi” means “half”) is a half a desmosome, and attaches epithelial cells to basement membrane.
What is the difference between a tight junction and a gap junction?
pg 112
Tight junction: very “tight” seal between cells. Proteins of plasma membranes join together. In epithelium, epithelial cells have a ring of tight junctions that completely surrounds each cell and binds neighboring cells together. PERMEABILITY BARRIER.
Gap junction: small, specialized contact regions between cells. INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION by allowing ions and small molecules to pass through one cell to another. Ex: intercalated disks are gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells that allow for specialized cell-to-cell connection.
Describe the different types of gland shapes.
-Unicellular glands
Some exocrine glands are composed of single cell. Ex. goblet cells are unicellular glands that secrete mucus.
-Multicellular glands
Exocrine glands composed of many cells. Multicellular exocrine glands classified according to ducts/secretory regions.
Simple glands
Single, non branched duct.
Compound glands
Multiple branched ducts.
Tubular glands (can be simple or compound)
“tubular” shaped secretory regions (can be straight or coiled though)
Acinar or alveolar glands (can be simple or compound)
“sac-like” shaped secretory regions
Tubuloacinar glands (combo of the above two glands) aka tubuloalveolar
What is the major difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.
major difference between endocrine and exocrine gland are
THE PRESENCE OF DUCTS.
Exocrine have ducts because they have maintained an open contact with the epithelium from which it developed.
Endocrine glands have no ducts. Instead they have blood vessels and release hormones into the bloodstream.
Define merocrine(eccrine), apocrine and holocrine glands by the methods that they secrete. Give an example of each.
pg 115 in text
***all 3 are EXOCRINE glands
Merocrine (aka Eccrine)
Simple: Vesicles empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis.
Detailed: glands are exocrine glands that involve the release of secretory products by EXOCYTOSIS. Merocrine secretion is used by water-producing sweat glands and the exocrine portion of the pancreas. “Mero” possibly means “pure” in Latin (maybe for pure water?)
Apocrine glands
Simple: A portion of the cell containing secretory products is pinched off in the cell.
Detailed: are exocrine glands involve the release of secretory products as pinched off fragments of the gland cells. Ex: milk from mammary glands release milk by combo of merocrine AND apocrine secretion.
Holocrine glands
Simple: Entire cells are shed by the gland and become part of the secretion.
Detailed: Shedding of entire cells. Products accumulate in the cytoplasm of each epithelial cell, the cell ruptures and dies, and the entire cell becomes part of secretion. Holocrine secretion is used by the SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS OF THE SKIN.
integumentary system (body system)
aka “cutaneous” system
hair
skin
nails
glands
functions
regulation of body temp
protection from environment
eliminates wastes
production of vitamin D
insulation and fat storage
skeletal system (body system)
bones
ligaments
cartilage
bone marrow
(NOT TENDONS)
functions
formation of blood cells
provides leverage for movement
supports and protects the body
calcium storage
skeletal system must work with the skeletal muscular system (2 different systems) in order to create MOVEMENT
skeletal muscular system (body system)
muscles
tendons
functions
protects underlying tissues
provides body movement
generates body heat
controls body openings via sphincters
nervous system (body system)
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sensory receptors
functions
sends electrical signals
interprets sensory information
issues motor commands
coordinates activities in other organ systems (can speed up the heart or slow down digestion, for example)
provides immediate, short-term responses
cardiovascular system (body system)
heart
blood (is a tissue, don’t forget!)
blood vessels
functions
generates blood pressure
maintains blood flow to tissues (this distributes body heat)
distributes body heat
transport of solutes, hormones, gases, and ions
lymphatic system (body system)
lymphatic vessels
spleen
tonsils
lymph nodes
thymus
functions
defends the body against disease and infection
returns tissue fluid to the blood (plasma, for example will be taken BACK to the cardiovascular system after it has been filtered by the lymphatics)
what branch of physiology is the “foundation” of physiology?
pathological physiology
people getting sick and/or dying prompted people to question, “what’s going on with this person?”
Organ level (organization level)
AT LEAST 2 or more tissues working together
Organ system (organizational level)
2 or more organs working together
One of the body systems you can live without. Which one?
Reproductive system
Give a simple definition of the word “ disease”
a disruption in homeostasis
What detects if homeostasis is disrupted?
RECEPTORS.
Chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, etc.
digestive system (body system)
oral cavity
pharynx
saliva gland
esophagus
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
functions
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
absorption of nutrients
water absorption
waste elimination
respiratory system (body system)
nasal cavities and sinuses
larynx
pharynx
trachea
lungs
alveoli
functions
delivers oxygen to the blood
removes carbon dioxide from the blood
maintains acid-base balance
pharynx part of 2 systems
pancreas part of 2 systems
ovaries and testis part of 2 systems
pharynx part of digestive AND respiratory
pancreas part of digestive AND endocrine
ovaries and testis part of endocrine AND reproductive
urinary system (body system)
urinary bladder
urethra
ureters
kidneys
major functions
filters blood and removes wastes
regulates water balance
maintains blood pressure
regulate acid-base balance
stores urine
endocrine system
hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland
thymus
thyroid gland
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testis
(anything with “th” in the name, if it has “gland” after it, and the ovaries and testis)
functions
produces hormones
controls growth, maturation and reproduction
regulates metabolism
controls activities in other organ systems
produces slower, longer lasting responses
nervous system - what type of response
short and fast lived response (as opposed to endocrine system)
endocrine system - what kind of response
produces slower, longer lasting responses (as opposed to nervous system)
male reproductive system
prostate gland
penis
epididymus
seminal vesicles
vas (ductus) deferens
testis
functions
produces hormones
production of sperm
sexual intercourse
female reproductive system
ovaries
uterus
vagina
uterine tubes
mammary glands
functions
produces hormones
production of oocytes
embryo support
lactation
sexual intercourse
Body gets cold, what does your body do to make heat? What system is functioning to provide that heat?
Muscular skeletal system is used… you shiver!!
what cavity is divided into 4 quadrants?
the abdominopelvic cavity
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
the diaphragm separates what two cavities?
the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic regions
Hypochondriac region (R and L) “hypo” means below, “chondr” means cartilage… so hypochondriac means below the cartilage of the ribs.
Epigastric (middle) “epi” means above, “gastric” means stomach… so above the stomach
Lumbar region (R and L) “lumbar” referring to lumbar area of vertebrae
Umbilical region (middle) “umbilical” referring to the belly button
Inguinal region (R and L) “inguinal” referring to the groin
Hypogastric - middle lowest square
Posterior AKA _____?
Anterior AKA _____?
Posterior, aka “dorsal”
Anterior, aka “ventral”
Transverse orientation
Superior and inferior portions of body (aka a cross section) “trans” means across
Sagittal orientation
Separates into right and left portions.
MIdsagittal orientation
the plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left sides
frontal or “coronal” orientation
separates anterior and posterior portions of the body
What two cavities are located within the dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
what cavities are located within the ventral body cavity?
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
*sometimes the abdominal and pelvic cavity are combined as one cavity, called the “abdominopelvic cavity”
(ventral body cavity also contains diaphragm)
There is a space between the visceral layer and parietal layer of serous membranes… That space creates what? What is it filled with?
Space creates another “cavity.” It is filled with “serous fluid.”
Visceral pleura would tell you what?
The visceral pleura would tell you that its the membrane exactly in contact with the lung.
The parietal pericardium would tell you what?
That it is the serous membrane that lines the body cavity or pericardium, not in direct contact with the heart.
Mediastinum, where is it?
“middle of the sternum” easy way to think of it
contains blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
Cavity between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium is
the pericardial cavity
Cavity between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura is called the
called the pleural cavity
Peritoneal cavity is
another serous membrane. It doesn’t completely cover the organ though. It kind of sits on top of the abdominal cavity.
An example of retroperitoneal organs would be
the kidneys, reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
ACTS AS A WEAK GLUE IN CELLS!
Adhesion belt: composed of glycoproteins that act as
a weak glue to hold cells together; found just below
tight junction. (from powerpoint)
Matrix of connective tissue composed of (2)
- extracellular protein fibers
- ground substance
name the connective tissues (11)
adipose
areolar
dense regular
dense irregular
reticular
elastic
dense bone
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage
blood
connective tissue various functions
structural framework (reticular)
transporting fluids (blood)
protecting delicate organs (adipose, bone)
supporting, surrounding, interconnecting other types of tissue (fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, dense regular CT, dense irregular CT)
storing energy reserves (example triglycerides)
defending body from invaders (blood, lymph)
This tissue’s function: “connect and protect”
Connective tissue proper
includes
loose connective tissue proper
adipose
dense connective tissue proper
tendons
this tissue’s function: “transport”
Fluid CT
this tissue’s function: “structural strength”
Supporting CT
look at these cells.
fibroblasts
fibrocytes
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells
mast cells
lymphocytes
macrophages
microphages
what tissue do they belong to?
connective tissue proper
Of CT cells proper, most abundant cell type is
2nd most abundant is
fibroblasts. found in all connective tissue proper. they secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cell cement).
second most abundant is fibrocytes. they MAINTAIN the fibers of CT proper.
Of CT proper, each cell stores a SINGLE, large FAT droplet.
Adipoctyes.
Connective tissue proper stem cells that respond to injury or infection
mesenchymal cells
of CT proper, macrophages, what are they and what is a fixed macrophage and a free macrophage
they’re large amoeba-like cells of immune system. “fixed” means they stay put in the tissue. “free” means they can migrate
of CT proper, what are microphages, give an example or two
they are phagocytic BLOOD cells. they RESPOND to signals from macrophages and mast cells.
Ex: neutrophils and eosinophils
mast cells
of connective tissue proper, these cells release histamine and heparin and stimulates inflammation after injury or infection
3 connective tissue fibers
collagen
reticular
elastic
FIBERS
in CT proper, most common fibers are what and describe them
collagen fibers.. they’re long, straight, unbranched. they’re strong, flexible. resist force in one direction.
ex: tendons/ligaments
reticular fibers
interwoven, strong and flexible.
resist force in MANY directions.
stabilize functional cell structures
ex. sheaths around organs
elastic fibers
contain elastin
branched, wavy
return to original length after stretching
ex: elastic ligaments of VERTEBRAE
ex: elastic arteries like aorta
fills spaces between cells and slows __________. is what?
ground substance in CT proper
Loose connective tissues (of CT proper) and general function
“packing materials” of body
1. areolar
2. adipose
3. reticular
areolar tissue, describe as much as possible
least specialized
open framework
viscous ground substance
collagen fibers/elastic fibers
holds blood vessels and capillary beds
this loose connective tissue holds blood vessels and capillary beds, for example under the skin at the subcutaneous layer
areolar loose connective tissue
adipose loose connective tissue (of CT proper)
contains many adipocytes (fat cells)
2 types
2 types of adipose loose CT, describe
white fat
most common, stores fat (energy source), shock absorber, slows heat loss (insulation), only one found in adults
brown fat
more vascular, more mitochondria, nervous system can accelerate breakdown to release energy, absorbs energy from surrounding tissues (in babies, not found in adults)
These tissue types are AMITOTIC
Adipose Loose CT, Muscle tissue, Cardiac tissue, Nervous tissue (any other ones?)
The following is Avascular
Cartilage, Epithelial Tissue,
Mitotic or amitotic? Smooth muscle
MITOTIC! Cardiac and muscle CT is amitotic though.
Of CT proper, Reticular Loose Connective Tissue
Provides support
3 dimensional network
Stroma - supportive fibers, support functional cells
Reticular organs - spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
(Of CT proper) Dense Connective Tissues (3)
tightly packed with high # of collagen or elastic fibers
Dense regular CT
Dense irregular CT
Elastic tissue
Dense Regular CT
Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers.
Example: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
Tendons attach ______.
Ligaments attach ______.
Aponeuroses _______.
Tendons attach MUSCLES to BONE
Ligaments attach BONE to BONE and stabilize ORGANS
Aponeuroses attach in sheets to large, flat muscles
Dense Irregular CT
Interwoven networks of collagen fibers
AROUND CARTILAGES AKA PERICHONDRIUM or around BONES AKA PERIOSTEUM
form capsules around organs like the liver/kidneys
form capsules around organs like the liver/kidneys
Dense Irregular CT
this CT can be found around cartilages known as the “perichondrium” or around bones “periosteum”
dense irregular CT
(Of CT proper) Elastic CT
made of elastic fibers
ex: ligaments of spinal vertebrae
ex: blood vessel walls of elastic arteries, aorta
(Fluid Connective Tissue) Blood CT
Watery matrix of dissolved proteins.
Carry formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.
(Supporting CT) Cartilage Connective Tissue, general function and types
support soft tissues/body weight.
gel-type ground substance.
shock absorption/protection
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
Cartilage Structure
AVASCULAR, produce ANTIOGENESIS FACTOR
Perichondrium
outer, fibrous layer (strength)
inner, cellular layer (growth/maintenance)
Cartilage Matrix
proteoglycans derived from chondroitin sulfates
ground substance proteins
Chondrocytes surrounded by LACUNAE
(Of Supporting CT) Hyaline Cartilage CT
Stiff, flexible support
Reduces friction between bones
Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, trachea (windpipe)
Fetal skeleton
(Of Supporting CT) Elastic Cartilage CT
Supportive but bends EASILY
Found in external ear and epiglottis
(Of Supportive CT) Fibrocartilage CT
Limits movement
Prevents bone to bone contact
Pads knee joints
Found between pubic bones/intervertebral discs
Numerous collagen fibers
“It feels like I’ve got bone grinding on bone…”
This person is suffering from a loss/deterioration of what type of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage (articulating surfaces)
(Of Supporting CT) Bone or Osseous CT
Calcified calcium salt deposits make it STRONG!
Resists shattering (flexible collagen)
Bone cells called osteocytes
Osteocytes arranged around “canals” within matrix
Small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access blood supply
Canaliculi are what
They are small CHANNELS or (CANALS) through the matrix of bone that access the BLOOD SUPPLY
The dermis is what kind of tissue
The dermis is made of connective tissue and is covered on its surface by a thick layer of stratified squamous epithelium that we call the epidermis. The dermis is a highly vascularized tissue, while the epidermis – – like any other type of epithelial tissue – – is avascular.
Nonkeratinized (moist) stratified squamous epithelium
all layers are living, found in areas like esophagus, rectum, vagina.
