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Microbiology > Exam 1 - Ch.4 - Microscopy, Staining, and Classification > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch.4 - Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

The shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities.

A

Resolution

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2
Q

Differences in intensity between two objects, or between an object and background.

A

Contrast

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3
Q

What increases contrast?

A

staining

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4
Q

What is important in determining resolution?

A

contrast

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5
Q

What is staining?

A

Increasing contrast and resolution by coloring specimens with stains/dyes.

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6
Q

What must happen to a smear of microorganisms (thin film) prior to staining?

A

Must be fixed with heat!

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7
Q

What two types of stains are used for Gram staining?

A

Crystal violet and safranin

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8
Q

What color does safranin stain?

A

Magenta/red

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9
Q

What two stains are used for an acid-fast stain?

A

Carbon fuchsin and methylene blue

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10
Q

Carbon fuchsin stains what color?

A

Bright fire-engine red

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11
Q

What stains are used for an endospore stain?

A

Malachite green and safranin

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12
Q

What are the three steps in Gram staining?

A

1) crystal violet stain
2) decolorize with alcohol
3) counterstain with safranin

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13
Q

What happens during the decolorization step in Gram staining?

A

Purple is washed from the Gram (-) cells.

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14
Q

Why does the alcohol was the color from the Gram (-) cells?

A

Because the walls are thinner.

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15
Q

The safranin colors which cells in Gram staining?

A

Gram (-)

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16
Q

The purple colors which cells in Gram staining?

A

Gram (+)

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17
Q

What are mycobacteria?

A

A group of bacteria that do not have the typical peptidoglycan cell walls.

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18
Q

Mycobacteria cell walls have high what?

A

Waxy mycolic acid content

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19
Q

What makes Mycobacteria resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures?

A

They high waxy mycolic acid content.

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20
Q

Mycobacteria of referred to as what?

A

Acid-fast bacteria

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21
Q

What are the 3 steps in acid-fast staining?

A

1) carbon fuchsin primary stain
2) decolorixze (alcohol)
3) counterstain with methylene blue

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22
Q

What happens when you decolorize during step two of acid fast staining?

A

Acid-fast cells retain their red color because the acid cannot penetrate the waxy wall.

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23
Q

Mycobacteria stain what color?

A

Bright red

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24
Q

Red are what types of cells

A

Acid-fast cells/mycobacteria

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25
Q

What stains blue?

A

Non-acid fast cells like human cells and tissue. (any cell NOT Mycobacteria).

26
Q

What are the three steps in endospore staining?

A

1) malachite green primary stain
2) decolorize with water
3) counterstain with safranin

27
Q

What is important in the first step of endospore staining with malachite green?

A

Use heat to drive into endospore.

28
Q

What color do the endospores color?

A

Green

29
Q

What color do non-endospores color?

A

Magenta/red vegetative cells (non-endospore)

30
Q

Gram (+) bacteria genus names usually end in what?

A

-um and -us

31
Q

What are the exceptions to Gram (+) genus names (ending in -um and -us)?

A

Listeria
Nocardia
Actinomyces
Steptomyces

32
Q

Listeria bacteria causes what?

A

Food poisoning

33
Q

Nocardia causes what?

A

lung abscesses

34
Q

Actinomyces causes what?

A

Oral abscesses

35
Q

Streptomyces is important in what?

A

Important source of antibiotics

36
Q

Gram (-) bacteria genus names usually end in what?

A

-a and -er

37
Q

What are the exception to a Gram (-) ending in -a or -er?

A

Pseudomonas
Proteus
vibrio
haemophilus

38
Q

What does the bacteria pseudomonas cause?

A

Pneumonia, burn infections

39
Q

What does Proteus cause?

A

UTIs

40
Q

What does vibrio cause?

A

cholera

41
Q

What does haemophilus cause?

A

Meningitis in children

42
Q

What are some types of Mycobacteria?

A

Tuberculosis
Leprosy
buruli ulcer

43
Q

What is an acid-fast bacteria?

A

mycobacteria

44
Q

What will a bacteria with no cell wall stain in Gram staining?

A

It will stain red in Gram-stain

45
Q

When a bacteria with no cell wall is grown on media what does it look like?

A

Forms distinctive “fried egg” appearance

46
Q

Bacteria with no cell wall must colonize in what types of habitats?

A

In osmotically protected habitats such as animal or human bodies.

47
Q

Give an example of a bacteria with no cell wall?

A

mycoplasma

48
Q

What does mycoplasma cause?

A

pneumonia

49
Q

What is the classification and identification of microorganisms called?

A

taxonomy

50
Q

What is Linnaeus?

A

System classifying organisms based on characteristics in common.

51
Q

What type of nomenclature is used?

A

Binomial nomenclature

52
Q

What does binomial nomenclature look like?

A

Genus species (in italics, first part capitalized)

53
Q

Who compared nucleotide sequences of rRNA subunits in classifying bacteria?

A

Carl Woese

54
Q

What 3 domains did Carl Wiese propose as determined by rRNA sequences?

A

eukarya
Bacteria
archaea

55
Q

Bacteria and archaea are what types of cells?

A

prokaryote

56
Q

What are the five types of eukarya?

A 
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protozoan
algae
57
Q

What is acellular?

A

Viruses

58
Q

What are helminths technically labeled?

A

Eukaryotes - animal

helminths are worms

59
Q

What is a type of taxonomic key?

A

Dichotomous keys

60
Q

What are dichotomous keys?

A

A series of paired statements where only one of two “either/or” choices applies to any particular organism.

61
Q

How do the dichotomous keys work?

A

Key directs user to another pair of statements, or provides name of organism.

62
Q

What is the end point of a dichotomous key called?

A

Terminal key

Microbiology (12 decks)

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