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Microbiology > Exam 1 - Ch. 9 - Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment. > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch. 9 - Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment. Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Removal or destruction of ALL microbes, including viruses and bacterial endspores, in or on an object.

A

sterilization

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2
Q

An environment or procedure that is free of contamination by pathogens.

A

aseptic

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3
Q

Us of physical or chemical agents known as disinfectants to inhibit or destroy microorganisms.

A

disinfection

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4
Q

Does disinfection guarantee that ALL pathogens are eliminated?

A

NO

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5
Q

In microbial control, when a chemical is used on skin or other tissue, the process in known as ____?

A

antisepsis

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6
Q

The chemical used on the skin to control microbes is called what?

A

antiseptic

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7
Q

Removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing.

A

Degerming

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8
Q

Process of disinfecting places and utensils used by the public to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes to meet accepted health standards.

A

Sanitization

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9
Q

Use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.

A

Pasteurization

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10
Q

Suffixes to indicate that a chemical or physical agent inhibits microbial metabolism and growth.

A

-stasis, -static

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11
Q

Suffix that refers to agents that destroy of permanently inactivate a particular type of microbe.

A

-cide, -cidal

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12
Q

Permanent loss of reproductive ability under ideal environmental conditions.

A

Microbial death

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13
Q

Measurement of efficacy of an antimicrobial agent.

A

Microbial death rate

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14
Q

Tow main categories of actions of antimicrobial agents

A

Alteration of cell walls and membranes.

Damage to proteins and nucleic acids.

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15
Q

What two factors affect the efficacy of antimicrobial methods.

A

Site to be treated.

Relative susceptibility of microorganisms.

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16
Q

Which organisms are harder to kill?

A

Prisons, endospores

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17
Q

Which organisms are easiest to kill - least resistant?

A

Gram + bacteria.

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18
Q

Which gram bacteria is more resistant to antibiotics?

A

Gram (-)

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19
Q

Why are Gram (-) more resistant to antibiotics?

A

Has a thinner phospholipids but has two of them and have more R plasmids

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20
Q

Is moist heat more effective than dry heat in controlling microbes?

A

YES

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21
Q

What are the methods of moist heat in microbial control?

A

Boiling
Autoclaving
Pasteurization
Ultra-high temperature sterilization

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22
Q

What is important when using boiling for microbial control?

A

Boiling time is critical

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23
Q

What can survive boiling?

A

Endospores, prions, protozoan cysts, and some viruses.

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24
Q

What is autoclaving?

A

Pressure applied, prevents steam from escaping.

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25
Q

Is pasteurization sterilization?

A

NO

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26
Q

What is the ultimate means of sterilization?

A

Incineration

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27
Q

Does dry heat require higher temperature and longer times than moist heat?

A

YES

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28
Q

What type of microbes can multiply in refrigerated foods?

A

Psychrophilic microbes

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29
Q

Method of microbial control that decreases microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

A

Refrigeration and freezing.

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30
Q

What are notable exceptions to the refrigeration method?

A

Listeria, yersinia

31
Q

What is it called when using drying to inhibit growth due to removal of water?

A

dessication

32
Q

What is used for long-term preservation of microbial cultures?

A

lyophilization (freeze drying)

33
Q

Lyophilization prevents formation of what?

A

Ice crystals

34
Q

Passage of a fluid through a sieve designed to trap particles and separate them from the fluid.

A

filtration

35
Q

High concentrations of salt or sugar in food to inhibit growth of microbes.

A

Osmotic pressure

36
Q

What have a greater ability to survive hypertonic solutions than bacteria?

A

fungi

37
Q

What are two types of ionizing radiation used in control of microbes?

A

electron beams and

Gamma rays

38
Q

Ionizing radiation that is effective at killing but does not penetrate well.

A

Electron beams

39
Q

Ionizing radiation that penetrates well but requires hours to kill microbes.

A

Gamma rays

40
Q

Non - ionizing radiation that does not penetrate well.

A

UV light

41
Q

What is nonionizing radiation suitable for?

A

Disinfecting air,
Transparent fluids
Surface of objects

42
Q

Lysol and pine-sol are what types of chemical methods of microbial control?

A

Phenol and phenolic

43
Q

Phenol and phenolics have a disagreeable ____ and are _____ to _____ disinfectants.

A

Odor
Intermediate
Low-level

44
Q

Intermediate level disinfectant (chemical) that is more effective than soap. Example: rubbing alcohol, ethanol.

A

alcohols

45
Q

Chemical disinfectant. Intermediate level using iodine, chlorine, bromine, fluorine.

A

Halogens

46
Q

Examples of Halogens.

A

Bleach, iodophores (betadine), chlorine

47
Q

What halogen is used in preparation for surgery?

A

Betadine (iodophor)

48
Q

High level disinfectants. Ex: peroxides, ozone, peracetic acid.

A

Oxidizing agents

49
Q

Why do you not want to use hydrogen peroxide for wound care?

A

It is cytotoxic to health cells and granulating tissues.

50
Q

What to use to clean wounds?

A

Normal saline

Commercial wound cleanser

51
Q

Why use saline for wound cleaning?

A

It is physiologic and will always be safe.

52
Q

Soaps and detergents are an example of what kind of chemical microbial control?

A

surfactants

53
Q

What do you want to use on your tables in the office?

A

QUATS - quaternary ammonium compounds

54
Q

Are soaps antimicrobial?

A

No, but good for degerming..

55
Q

How many wipe should you use to clean tables?

A

Enough to visibly wet for four minutes

56
Q

What are low level bacteriostatic and fungistatic agents?

A

Heavy metals

57
Q

What causes blindness in babies?

A

N. gonorrheoaea

58
Q

What did they used to prevent blindness in babies?

A

1% silver nitrate

59
Q

What was used in vaccines but replaced in 1999.

A

Thimerosal

60
Q

Compounds containing terminal -CHO groups in chemical methods of microbial control.

A

aldehydes

61
Q

What is used in embalming?

A

Formalin - formaldehyde + water

62
Q

What aldehyde is used to disinfect and sterilize labs, hospitals, and dental offices?

A

Glutaraldehyde

63
Q

What are some gaseous agents used in closed chambers to sterilize items?

A

Ethylene oxide

64
Q

Where is ethylene oxide used?

A

Dental offices and hospitals

65
Q

What are disadvantages of gaseous agents?

A

Can be hazardous to people
Often highly explosive
Extremely poisonous
Potentially carcinogenic

66
Q

Enzymes that act against microorganisms are called?

A

Antimicrobial enzymes

67
Q

Example of a antimicrobial enzyme.

A

lysozyme and prionzyme

68
Q

What is used to reduce the number of bacteria in cheese?

A

lysozyme

69
Q

What are typically used for treatment of disease. Ex: antibiotics

A

Antimicrobials

70
Q

Antimicrobial soaps should be reserved for limited applications:

A

Handling food

care of newborns and high-risk patients by healthcare workers

71
Q

CDC recommends washing hand in soap for how long?

A

10-15 seconds

72
Q

Which ingredient do you want to avoid in antibacterial soaps?

A

triclosan

73
Q

What is a good method to use when you don’t want to use chemicals?

A

Steam cleaners

74
Q

How do steam cleaners work?

A

Heating up water to temperatures of about 248 degrees F- kills about 99% of bacteria, viruses, mold, and household dust mites.

Microbiology (12 decks)

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