Exam 1 - Ch. 3 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
What are the 4 processes of life?
Growth
reproduction
Responsiveness
metabolism
Features of Prokaryotes: (6)
NO nucleus No internal membrane-bound organelles Circular DNA Smaller Simple structure Composed of bacteria and archaea
Features of Eukaryotes:
*Have Nucleus* Have internal membrane-bound organelles *linear DNA* Larger Complex structure Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants.
What is gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of bacterial cells?
glycocalyces
What are glycocalyces composed of?
polysaccharide, polypeptides or both
What two types of glycocalyces are there?
Capsule or slime layer
Which type of glycocalyces is firmly attached to the cell surface?
capsule
Which type of glycocalyces is loosely attached to the bacterial cell surface?
Slime layer
Why is a capsule good for the bacteria?
May prevent bacteria from being recognized by host.
Why is a slime layer good for bacteria?
Sticky later allows Prokaryotes to attach to surfaces.
What does a bacterial cell wall do?
Provide structure and shape and protect cell from osmotic forces.
What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?
peptidoglycan
What are the most common types of bacterial cell walls?
Gram (+) and Gram (-)
What other thing does a bacterial cell wall do?
Give bacterial cells characteristic shapes.
Gram (+) bacterial cell walls appear what color upon staining?
purple
Gram (+) bacterial cell walls have a relatively ______ layer of peptidoglycan.
thick
Gram (+) contain unique polyalcohols called what?
teichoic acids
Gram (-) bacterial cell walls have a ______ layer of peptidoglycan.
thin
What may be an impediment to the treatment of disease in Gram (-) bacteria?
The LPS (lipopolysaccharide) on the outside of the bilayer membrane.
What does a Gram (-) contain outside of the peptidoglycan?
Bilayer membrane containing phospholipids, proteins and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Gram (-) appear what color following staining?
Red/magenta
What are the passive processes for crossing the cytoplasmic membranes of bacterial cells?
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
osmosis
What are the active processes for crossing the cytoplasmic membranes of bacterial cells?
Active transport
Group translocation
What is group translocation?
Substance chemically modified during transport.
What is osmosis?
Movement of H2O across a semipermeable membrane (but not the salutes).
What will an isotonic solution do to a cell WITHOUT a cell wall?
Stay the same
What will a hypersonic solution do to a cell without a cell wall? Ex: animal cell
Shrink the cell
What will a hypotonic solution do to a cell without a cell wall? Ex: animal cells
Expand and possibly explode
Does a cell with a cell wall burst with a hypotonic solution?
no
What are inclusions in the cytoplasm of bacteria?
Nutrients stored when in abundance to be used when nutrients are scarce. May include deposits of chemicals. “like a pantry”
Unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions.
Endospores
Endospores are only produced by organisms _________ and _______.
Genus Bacillus and clostridium
Prokaryotes ribosomes are ___.
70S
Prokaryotes ribosomes are composed of 2 subunits.
30S and 50S
Eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane passive processes (3)
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
osmosis
Eukaryotic cytoplasmic active processes. (s)
Active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
Physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane around to take in stuff.
Endocytosis
The cell forms what during endocytosis?
pseudopodia
What are the two types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
Solids imported into cell.
Phagocytosis
Liquid imported into the cell.
Pinocytosis
Substances are exported from the cell.
Exocytosis
Ribosomes of Eukaryotes are ____.
80S
Ribosomes of Eukaryotes are composed of 2 subunits.
60S and 40S
Ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts have ___ ribosomes.
70S
Which ribosomes are larger? Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
