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Microbiology > Exam 1 - Ch. 13 - Characterizing and Classifying Prions > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch. 13 - Characterizing and Classifying Prions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What causes the diseases that plague most of the industrial world?

A

Viruses

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2
Q

What are some of the characteristics of viruses?

A

Miniscule, acellular, it either has DNA or RNA but never both.

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3
Q

What does acellular mean?

A

No processes of life

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4
Q

A virus in its extracellular state is called what?

A

A virion

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5
Q

What does a virion look like?

A

Protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid core.

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6
Q

What is the protein coat of a virion called?

A

capsid

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7
Q

What is the outer structure of phospholipids that encloses the nucleocapsids of some viruses called?

A

envelope

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8
Q

What does the capsid and/or envelope do for the virion?

A

Provides protection for the viral nucleic acid and means of attachment to host’s cells

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9
Q

What happens to the virus once it is inside the host cell?

A

The capsid is removed and it simply exists as a nucleic acid.

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10
Q

What is it called when the virus removes its capsid?

A

uncoating

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11
Q

Viruses can be _____ or _____.

A

Specific or generalists

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12
Q

Most viruses are ____.

A

Specific, only attack particular host cells

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13
Q

What types of organisms are susceptible to a viral attack?

A

All types

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14
Q

What are the 3 viral shapes?

A

Complex
Helical
polyhedral

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15
Q

What viral shape is capsid of many shapes?

A

complex

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16
Q

What type of virus shape is spiral?

A

helical

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17
Q

What type of viral shape is a geodesic dome?

A

polyhedral

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18
Q

What is the most common viral shape?

A

polyhedral

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19
Q

What virus is famous for it’s bullet shaped capsid?

A

Rabies

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20
Q

What shape is the bacteriophage?

A

complex

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21
Q

3 Functions of the viral envelope.

A

Provides protection
Plays a role in host recognition.
Helps viruses enter hosts cells.

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22
Q

A virus that has an envelope is called?

A

Enveloped virion

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23
Q

A virus with no envelope is called?

A

Non-enveloped/naked virion

24
Q

The projections of viral glycoproteins on the envelope are called?

A

spikes

25
Q

Where does the viral envelope come from?

A

Acquired from host cell during viral replication or release.

26
Q

4 ways viruses are classified?

A

Type of nucleic acid,
Presence of an envelope,
Shape,
size

27
Q

How are viruses named?

A

name of disease + virus

28
Q

What is special about viral replication?

A

They are dependent of hosts’ organelles and enzymes to produce new virion.

29
Q

What viral replication cycle results in death and lysis of host cell?

A

Lytic replication

30
Q

What are the five stages of Lytic replication of a virus.

A 
Attachment of virus to host.
Entry into host.
Synthesis of new nucleic acids.
Assembly of new virions.
Release of new virions.
31
Q

Modified viral replication cycle where infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before the lyse.

A

Lysogeny

32
Q

What are temperate phage?

A

Inactive “hanging out - house guest”

33
Q

What are prophages?

A

Inactive phages.

34
Q

When phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium, it is called? (viral chromosome incorporates into host’s cell.)

A

lysogenic conversion.

35
Q

Viral replication of animal viruses is same as basic replication as bacteriophages but there are some differences. (3)

A

Presence of envelope around some (a lot have).
Eukaryotic nature of animal cells.
Lack of cell wall in animal cells.

36
Q

Attachment of animal viruses is by what?

A

Chemical attraction

37
Q

Animal viruses do not have tails or tail fibers like bacteriophages, but the doe have what that helps them attach to host?

A

Glycoprotein spikes or other attachment molecules.

38
Q

3 mechanisms of entry of animal viruses?

A

Direct penetration
Membrane fusion
endocytosis

39
Q

Which mechanism of entry is the easiest?

A

Direct penetration

40
Q

What happens that is different in membrane fusion of virus?

A

Viral glycoprotein remain in cytoplasmic membrane.

41
Q

What is different about the process of budding in enveloped viruses?

A

It doesn’t kill the cell.

42
Q

What is the process of budding in Enveloped viruses?

A

Virus obtains capsid and picks up glycoprotein on cell surface and buds of leaving host cell.

43
Q

When animal viruses remain dormant in host cells it is called?

A

Latent viruses or proviruses

44
Q

Is incorporation of previous into host DNA permanent?

A

YES

45
Q

What is the most common and inexpensive way to culture viruses in the laboratory?

A

In embryonated chicken eggs.

46
Q

What are other ways to culture viruses in lab?

A

In mature organisms (like bacteria, plants, and animals) and in cell (tissue) culture- cells isolated and grown on medium with a broth.

47
Q

What are proteinaceous infectious agents that lack a nucleic acid called?

A

prions

48
Q

Are prions easy to destroy?

A

No, they are very, very difficult to destroy!

49
Q

What are the ways to destroy prions?

A

Incineration and autoclaving in sodium hydroxide

50
Q

How does a prion cause disease?

A

Prion PrP converts cellular PrP into Prion PrP by inducing conformation change.

51
Q

What is the disease-causing form of Prion Pro?

A

B-Sheets (beta)

52
Q

What is normal form of cellular PrP?

A

a-helices (alpha)

53
Q

Where is the prion disease expression most predominant?

A

In the nervous system.

54
Q

What is the characteristic of the brain with a prion disease?

A

Large vacuoles form in brain - characteristic spongy appearance.

55
Q

What are 3 prion diseases that cause spongiform encephalopathies?

A

BSE - mad cow’s disease
vCJD - humans get from eating cows with disease
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Microbiology (12 decks)

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