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Microbiology > Exam 1 - Ch. 25 - Applied and Environmental Biology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch. 25 - Applied and Environmental Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is food microbiology?

A

Use of microorganisms in food production.

Prevention of food spoilage and food related illnesses.

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2
Q

What is any desirable change that occurs to a food or beverage as a result of microbial growth?

A

fermentation

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3
Q

What is used in commercial food and beverage production - composed of known microorganisms that consistently perform specific fermentations?

A

Started cultures

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4
Q

What are adverse changes to a food due to the action of microorganisms?

A

spoilage

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5
Q

What is the official state microbe of Wisconsin?

A

lactococcus lactis

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6
Q

What are some symptoms of a food borne illness?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, and muscle cramps

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7
Q

What are two categories of food poisoning?

A

Food infection

Food intoxication

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8
Q

What causes a food infection?

A

Consumption of living microorganisms.

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9
Q

What causes food intoxication?

A

Consumption of microbial toxins, NOT the microbe.

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10
Q

What is the top places (3) food borne illnesses come from?

A

Food service industry - #1
Unknown - #2
Home preparation - #3

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11
Q

What causes 60% (majority) of food borne illnesses?

A

norovirus

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12
Q

Which two organisms grow at refrigerator temperature?

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

Listeria monocytogenes

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13
Q

What is the second most common cause of food born illness in the US?

A

Salmonella spp.

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14
Q

What is the 3rd most common cause of food borne illness in the US?

A

Shigella spp.

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15
Q

Which organism produces a neurotoxin?

A

clostridium botulinum

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16
Q

Which organism produces a enterotoxin?

A

Escherichia coli O157:H7

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17
Q

Which agent is the most common cause of diarrhea of all food borne agents?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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18
Q

Which organism produces a potent toxin that is not destroyed by cooking?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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19
Q

Which organism is a parasitic protozoan?

A

toxoplasma gondii

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20
Q

Which organism causes primary septicemia (bacteria in the blood)

A

Vibrio vulnificus

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21
Q

Which organism causes generalized diarrhea and severe cramping that mimics appendicitis?

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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22
Q

Which organism is common in soils and water, contamination from these sources occurs easily?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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23
Q

What are the affected food products for staphylococcus aureus?

A

Cooked high-protein foods

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24
Q

What is the affected food product for vibrio vulnificus?

A

Raw and undercooked seafood

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25
Q

Which two organisms can be found in water (untreated)?

A 
shigella
Campylobacter jejune (untreated H2O)
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26
Q

Which organisms can be found in raw and undercooked eggs?

A

salmonella

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27
Q

Which organism is most commonly found in home prepared foods?

A

Clostridium botulinum

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28
Q

What are the three types of water pollution?

A

Physical
Chemical
biological

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29
Q

Water pollution via presence of particulate matter?

A

physical

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30
Q

Water pollution via presence of inorganic and organic compounds?

A

chemical

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31
Q

Water that has too many or non-native microorganisms?

A

Biological water pollution.

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32
Q

Are waterborne diseases common in the US?

A

No, they are rare

33
Q

Vibrio cholerae, disease?

34
Q

Campylobacter jejuni, disease?

A

Acute gastroenteritis

35
Q

Salmonella, disease?

A

Salmonellosis, typhoid fever

36
Q

Shigella, disease?

A

shigellosis (bacterial dysentery)

37
Q

Escherichia coli, disease?

A

Acute gastroenteritis

38
Q

Hepatitis A virus, disease?

A

Infectious hepatitis

39
Q

Norovirus, disease?

A

Acute gastroenteritis

40
Q

Poliovirus, disease?

A

poliomyelitis

41
Q

Giardia intestinalis, disease?

A

giardiasis

42
Q

Schistosoma, disease?

A

amebic dysentery

43
Q

Gonyaulax (saxitoxin), disease?

A

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

44
Q

Gambierdiscus (ciguatoxin)

A

Fish poisoning

45
Q

Which type of water is considered safe to drink?

A

Potable water

46
Q

What indicates fecal contamination in water?

A

Presence of coliforms

47
Q

What are the four stages of treating drinking water?

A

Coagulation and flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
disinfection

48
Q

Is potable water devoid of microorganisms and chemicals?

A

No, levels are low enough not to be a health concern.

49
Q

Alum is used during which stage of water treatment?

A

Stage 1 - coagulation and flocculation

50
Q

What are the three methods of filtration of drinking water?

A

Sand filtration
Activated charcoal
Membrane filtration

51
Q

What are the three ways to disinfect water?

A

Chlorine
Ozone
UV light

52
Q

Waste water treatment produces two things: water which must be ____ or ___ before released into the environment. And sludge which must be ____ or ____

A

Chlorinated or filtrated

Anaerobically digested or dried for landfill

53
Q

What is “remediate”?

A

To solve a problem

54
Q

What is the use of biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or ground water?

A

bioremediate

55
Q

Use of microbes or their toxins to terrorize human populations.

A

bioterrorism

56
Q

Use of microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying the food supply.

A

agroterrorism

57
Q

What are the four criteria for assessing biological threats to humans?

A

Public health impact
Delivery potential
Public perception
Public health preparedness

58
Q

Ability of hospitals and clinics to handle the casualties refers to?

A

Public health impact

59
Q

How easily an agent can be introduced into the population is?

A

Delivery potential

60
Q

Effect of public fear on ability to control an outbreak is called?

A

Public perception

61
Q

Existing response measures refer to?

A

Public health preparedness

62
Q

What is a category A threat?

A

Highest priority

63
Q

What are the 6 top category A threats?

A 
Smallpox
Anthrax
Plague
Botulism
tularemia
Viral hemorrhagic fevers
64
Q

What causes smallpox?

A

Variola major (orthopoxvirus)

65
Q

What causes anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis (bacterium)

66
Q

What causes plague?

A

Yersinia pestis (bacterium)

67
Q

What causes botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum toxin (bacterial)

68
Q

What causes tularemia?

A

francisella tularensis (bacterium)

69
Q

What causes a viral hemorrhagic fever?

A

filoviruses and arenaviruses

70
Q

Which category A threat is found in soil?

A

Anthrax and botulism

71
Q

Which category A threat is unknown origin?

A

filoviruses and arenaviruses

72
Q

Which category A virus is in small rodents?

73
Q

Which category A threat does not have a natural source?

74
Q

Which category A threat has a natural source in wild animals?

75
Q

BSL - handling pathogens that do not cause disease in humans

76
Q

BSL - handling of moderately hazardous agents

77
Q

BSL - handling of microbes in safety cabinets, may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after inhalation.

78
Q

BSL - handling of microbes that cause sever or fatal disease.

79
Q

Recombinant technology could be used to create AND thwart Bioterrorism threats? T/F

Microbiology (12 decks)

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