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Microbiology > Exam 1 - Ch. 14 - Infection, Infectous Diseases, and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch. 14 - Infection, Infectous Diseases, and Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Name two synonyms for normal microbiota.

A

Normal flora

Indigenous microbiota

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2
Q

Sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonized by normal flora.

A

axenic

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3
Q

How/when do people acquire most of their resident microbiota.

A

During birthing process and established during first months of life.

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4
Q

Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances.

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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5
Q

Site where pathogens live until they can infect a new host.

A

Reservoir of infection

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6
Q

What is the name for a disease naturally spread from animals to humans.

A

zoonoses

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7
Q

Animal reservoir for malaria.

A

monkey

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8
Q

Animal reservoir for toxoplasmosis.

A

cat

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9
Q

Animal reservoir for anthrax

A

cow

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10
Q

Animal reservoir for bubonic plague.

A

rat

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11
Q

Animal reservoir for Lyme disease.

A

deer

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12
Q

Animal reservoir for rabies.

A

bats

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13
Q

Animal reservoir for yellow fever.

A

monkey

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14
Q

Individuals that develop illness

A

case

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15
Q

Infected individual that are asymptomatic but infective to others.

A

carrier

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16
Q

Used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease

A

isolation

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17
Q

Used to separate and restrict movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease.

A

quarantine

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18
Q

How do soil, water, and food often become reservoirs of infection?

A

Presence of microorganisms often due to contamination by feces or urine.

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19
Q

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body

A

contamination

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20
Q

When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body. MAY OR MAY NOT RESULT IN DISEASE.

A

infection

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21
Q

What are the 3 major portals of entry into the body (sites through which pathogens enter)?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
placenta

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22
Q

What is the most common portal of entry?

A

Respiratory tract

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23
Q

A puncture wound or injection which deposits organisms directly into the tissues is not a true portal of entry, but a way to cheat or bypass the need for a portal of entry. What is this called?

A

Parenteral route

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24
Q

The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses.

A

antigenicity

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25
Q

Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (aka morbidity)

A

disease

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26
Q

The invasion of the host by a pathogen.

A

infection

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27
Q

Ability of a microorganism to cause disease.

A

pathogenicity

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28
Q

Degree of pathogenicity (how easily is it for the organism to cause disease).

A

virulence

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29
Q

Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others.

A

sign

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30
Q

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient.

A

symptom

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31
Q

Group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition.

A

syndrome

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32
Q

fever

A

sign

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33
Q

vomiting

A

sign

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34
Q

headache

A

symptom

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35
Q

swelling

A

sign

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36
Q

nausea

A

symptom

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37
Q

redness

A

sign

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38
Q

Organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease.

A

Normal microbiota

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39
Q

Remain a part of normal microbiota of a person for life.

A

Resident microbiota

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40
Q

Remain in body for a few hours, days, months before disappearing.

A

Transient microbiota

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41
Q

5 areas that are axenic

A 
alveoli of lungs
CNS
Circulatory system
Upper urogenital regions
uterus
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42
Q

Conditions that provide opportunities for opportunistic pathogens.

A

Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in body.
Immune suppression
Changes in the normal microbiota

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43
Q

What are three types of reservoirs?

A

Animal reservoirs
Human carriers
nonliving reservoirs

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44
Q

Which is usually considered a dead-end hosts?

A

humans

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45
Q

3 ways of acquiring zoonoses

A

Direct contact with animal or its waste
Eating animals
Bloodsucking arthropods

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46
Q

What 3 things are types of non-living reservoirs?

A

Soil, water, food.

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47
Q

Carcino-

A

cancer

48
Q

col-, colo-

A

colon

49
Q

dermato-

A

skin

50
Q

-emia

A

Pertaining to the blood

51
Q

Endo-

A

inside

52
Q

-gen, gen-

A

give rise to

53
Q

hepat-

A

liver

54
Q

Idio-

A

unkown

55
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation of a structure

56
Q

-oma

A

Tumor or swelling

57
Q

-osis

A

Condition of

58
Q

-patho, patho-

A

abnormal

59
Q

septi-

A

Literally, rotting; refers to presence of pathogens

60
Q

terato-

A

defects

61
Q

tox-

A

poison

62
Q

What are the 3 components of the Triad/Triangle of health?

A

Agent
Host
environment

63
Q

Which component of the Triad/Triangle of Health is microbiology focusing on?

A

agent

64
Q

What is the name of the virulence factor that allows organisms to attach to a host and/or to each other to cause disease?

A

Adhesion factors

65
Q

What is the name of the virulence factor that is secreted by pathogenic organisms to dissolve/break down tissues in the body?

A

Extracellular enzymes

66
Q

What is the name of the virulence factor that harms tissues or triggers an immune response in the host and causes damage to the host?

A

toxins

67
Q

What is the name of the virulence factor that allows pathogenic organisms to prevent phagocytosis by the host’s cells?

A

antiphagocytic factors

68
Q

What are the 5 stages of infectious disease in order?

A 
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Illness
Decline
Convalescence
69
Q

Which stage of infectious disease is MOST severe?

A

Illness

70
Q

How do pathogens usually leave the body?

A 
Bodily secretions
Blood
Vaginal secretions
Breast milk
Bodily wastes
71
Q

Pathogens leave the body though many of the same opening as the portals of entry. What do we call the openings when a pathogen is leaving?

A

Portals of exit

72
Q

Period between infection and first symptoms

A

Incubation period

73
Q

Short period of generalized, mild symptoms

A

Prodromal period

74
Q

Signs/symptoms most evident

A

illness

75
Q

Immune response/treatment vanquish pathogens, body slowly returns to normal

A

decline

76
Q

Patient recovers from illness, tissues repaired and returned to normal

A

convalescence

77
Q

When bacterial pathogens attach to each other they form what?

A

A biofilm

78
Q

What extracellular enzymes are secreted by a pathogen to break down tissue and allow bacteria to penetrate deeper?

A

hyaluronidase and collagenase

79
Q

Two types of toxins (virulence factors)

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

80
Q

Example of an exotoxins.

A

cytotoxin, neurotoxin, enterotoxin

81
Q

Examples of endotoxin

A

Lipid A

82
Q

What are the 5 modes of transmission?

A 
Contact transmission
Vehicle transmission
Vector transmission
Airborne
Perinatal
83
Q

Inanimate object involved in indirect transmission.

A

Fomite

84
Q

Animals that carry pathogens are called

A

Arthropod vectors

85
Q

Only carry the pathogen.

A

Mechanical vectors

86
Q

serve as host for pathogen.

A

Biological vectors

87
Q

What two classes of arthropods have disease vectors?

A

Arachnids

insects

88
Q

Type of arthropod with four pairs of legs. (ex: tick and mites)

A

arachnids

89
Q

What are the most important arachnid vectors?

A

ticks

90
Q

Are spiders a part of the arachnid vectors?

A

NO

91
Q

Arthropods that have three pairs of legs and three body regions.

A

Insects: fleas, lice, flies, mosquitoes, kissing bugs

92
Q

What are the most important insect vector?

A

mosquitoes

93
Q

Which is most important and common of ALL vectors?

A

mosquitos

94
Q

Number or NEW CASES of a disease in a given area during a given period of time.

A

incidence

95
Q

Number of TOTAL CASES of a disease in a given area during a given period of time.

A

Prevalence

96
Q

Incidence is associated with?

A

RISK

97
Q

Prevalence is associated with?

A

Total + chronicity

98
Q

Disease that normally occurs at regular intervals at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area.

A

Endemic

99
Q

Only a few scattered cases within an area or population.

A

Sporadic

100
Q

Occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for and area or population.

A

Epidemic

101
Q

An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than on continent.

A

pandemic

102
Q

Recent Ebola was a what?

A

pandemic

103
Q

Careful tabulation of data concerning a disease (record location and time of the cases of disease and collect patient information)

A

Descriptive epidemiology

104
Q

What is the first case of the disease called?

A

Index case

105
Q

Infections acquired in health-care setting (patients or employees)

A

Nosocomial infections

106
Q

Pathogen acquired from the HC environment.

A

exogenous

107
Q

Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors in the HC setting

A

Endogenous

108
Q

Results from modern medical procedure.

A

latrogenic

109
Q

What percentage of Americans acquire Nosocomial infections annually?

A

10%

110
Q

What is the most effective way to reduce Nosocomial infections?

A

hand washing

111
Q

Doctors, clinics, and hospitals send info to whom?

A

The local health department

112
Q

The local health department sends info to whom?

A

State health department

113
Q

The state health department sends info where?

A

CDC

114
Q

State health department sends reports every ____ to the local health department.

A

month

115
Q

The CDC sends reports every _____ to the state health department.

A

weekly

Microbiology (12 decks)

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