Exam 1 - CH 3 Flashcards
primary function for speech production
respiration
respiration
provides subglottic air pressure need to set vocal folds into vibration
production of voiced phonemes through vocal fold vibration in larynx
phonation
normal phonation
complete adduction of vocal folds
sufficient subglottic air pressure
Flaccid dysarthria, spastic dysarthria, neuromotor damage to laryngeal muscles
phonation
resonance
proper placement of oral or nasal tonality onto phonemes during speech by raising or lowering velum
produced when velum is raised and closes off nasal cavity from vocal air stream
oral resonance
produced when velum is lowered and oral cavity is blocked by lips or tongue
nasal resonance
damage to innervating velar muscles may cause
hypernasality to some degree
Neuromotor damage to nerves that innervate the vocal fold adductor muscles can have several effects on speech production
Flaccid dysarthria, spastic dysarthria, neuromotor damage to laryngeal muscles
Nerve damage > weak muscles to move air in/out of lungs > less air for speech production >
short phrases
reduced loudness
breathy voice
articulation
shaping of vocal air stream into phonemes that is accomplished by different structures within vocal tract
Neuromotor damage to articulators may affect
lips, tongue, jaw, velum, etc.
neuromotor damage affecting articulators results in
articulation errors
prosody
melody of speech using intonation and stress to convey meaning
Neuromotor damage can affect prosody
Monopitch and monoloudness
Involuntary movements can result in irregular pitch variations, loudness, and prolonged intervals
UMN
flaccid
LMN
spastic
ataxic
damage to cerebellum
hypokinetic
reduction of dopamine to part of the basal ganglia
hyperkinetic
damage to basal ganglia
components of eval
medical chart review
case hx/interview
formal/informal ax
counseling
non speech tasks
observe isolated muscles
ROM, strength, coordination
testing face and jaw muscles
CN V & CN VII
testing tongue
CN XII
testing velum and pharynx
CN X
testing larynx
layrnx cannot be observed directly
instrumentation required
phonation/respiratory tasks
i
e
s/z ratio
resonation tasks
u
u w/ pinched nose
screening for myasthenia gravis
count from 1 - 100
nonverbal oral apraxia
disruption in sequencing of oral movements that are nonverbal
testing for apraxia of speech
Sequencing difficulty, pauses, distortions in speech tasks
other important observations
mental status
gait/equillibrium
comorbidities
sensation
reflexes
two methods to evaluate motor speech disorders
instrumentation
perceptual analysis
Examine six processes that are the foundation for all voluntary movements
muscle strength
ROM
speed of movement
accuracy of movement
motor steadiness
muscle tone
relies on sophisticated devices to objectively measure components of speech production
instrumentation
relies on clinician’s ears (and eyes) to judge
perceptual analysis
speech production components
prosody
respiration
phonation
resonance
articulation
