Exam 1 - CH 1-2 Flashcards
rostral
up (towards the nose)
caudal
down (towards tail)
dorsal
back (posterior)
ventral
front (anterior)
midsagittal
divides brain into left and right halves along the midline
sagittal
divides brain into left and right sections that are not necessarily equal
coronal
divides front from back
horizontal (transverse)
divides top from bottom
flexion
decrease the angle of limb segments around a joint
extension
increase angle of limb segments around a joint
adduction
movement towards the body’s central axis
abduction
movement away from central axis
pronate
body face down
supinate
body face up
acute
evolve over minutes to hours
subacute
evolve over days to weeks
chronic
develop or continue over long term
motor
part of motor system that controls motor movements
speech
communication through use of vocal symbols
disorders
abnormality of function
MSDs
a collection of speech production deficits caused by abnormal functioning of the motor system
how many types of dysarthria and apraxia
7 dysarthria
1 apraxia
dysarthria
impaired production of speech due to disturbances in muscular control of speech mechanism
dysarthria can affect:
articulation
respiration
prosody
resonance
phonation
apraxia
deficit in the ability to smoothly sequence the speech producing movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other parts of the speech mechanism
apraxia primarily affects:
articulation
prosody
apraxia occurs frequently when:
left hemisphere of the brain is damaged
CNS
brain and spinal cord
PNS
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
sensory =
afferent
arrives
motor =
efferent
exits
brain divided into:
cerebrum
brainstem
cerebellum
cerebrum
largest part
split into 2 parts by longitudinal fissure
4 lobes of the cerebrum
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
prominent sulci in cerebrum
lateral
central
prominent gyri in cerebrum
precentral (frontal - motor)
postcentral (sensory)
cerebral cortex
gray matter
performs higher cognitive activities: language, motor planning, problem solving, sensory perception
most rostral lobe
frontal
largest lobe
frontal
motor cortex and most associated with high level abstract thinking
frontal
premotor cortex
planning and coordinating skilled movement
prefrontal cortex
cog functioning (reasoning, abstract thinking, self monitoring, advance planning)
broca’s
anterior speech language area
middle posterior surface above brain, above temporal lobe
parietal
sensory cortex for touch temp and sensory functions
parietal
post central gyrus
parietal
primary sensory cortex
supra marginal gyrus
parietal
right at posterior end of lateral fissure
angular gyrus
near intersection of parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe
lesions in the angular gyrus produce:
alexia
agraphia
acalculia
bounded superiorly by lateral fissure
temporal lobe
Heschel’s gyrus
Temporal lobe
within lateral fissure
primary auditory cortex
each side receives projections from both
wernicke’s area
posterior section of superior temporal gyrus of language dominant hemisphere
language association cortex, responsible for interpretation of speech sounds
temporal
visual cortex
occipital lobe
brainstem: top to bottom
midbrain
pons
medulla
between cerebrum and spinal cord
brainstem
cranial nerve nuclei
points where cranial nerves attach to brainstem
damage ABOVE medulla
opposite side affected
damage BELOW medulla
same side affected
brainstem controls:
breathing, swallowing, HR, BP
brainstem acts as passageway for
descending and ascending neural tracts that travel between cerebrum and spinal cord
conveys motor impulses from CNS to muscles of larynx, face, tongue, pharynx, velum
brainstem
ataxia
damage to cerebellum
cerebellum function
balance and coordination
attached to back of brainstem
cerebellum
makes neural connections with cerebral cortex and many other parts of CNS
cerebellum
3 primary parts of neurons
cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon
demylination
MS
myelin sheath
helps protect nerve impulse
tracts
bundles of axons found in the CNS
nerves
bundles axons found in the PNS
neurotransmitters
small substance released at end points once charge reaches axon’s terminal ramifications
2 important neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
dopamine
means by which neural impulses are transmitted from one part of the nervous system to another
neurons
primitive brain
brainstem
little brain
cerebellum
dendrites vs axons
dendrites (afferent)
axon (efferent)
PNS subdivides into
somatic
autonomic
pyramidal decussation
medulla
third frontal convolution
broca’s area
precentral gyrus
motor
post central gyrus
sensory
damage to basal ganglia
parkinsons
huntingtons
damage to cerebellum
ataxia
intention tremor
dysmetria
function of thalamus
major subcortical sensory structure
sensory relay station
major symptoms of LMN damage?
weakness/paralysis
flaccid dysarthria
major symptoms of UMN damage?
spastic dysarthria
UMN =
CNS
LMN =
PNS
role of the cerebral cortex
motor planning
language
problem solving
sensory perception
what CN are important for speech?
5, 7, 9, 11, 12
what CN processes vision?
CN 2
ptosis demonstrates difficulty with which CN?
CN 3
A negative babinski reflex indicate which of the following?
desired response
function of basal ganglia
motor
function of thalamus
sensory
standardized apraxia test
apraxia battery for adults
simplified speech test
vowel prolongation
What is the correct order subsystem-specific interventions
respiration, phonation, resonation/velopharyngeal function, and articulation.
