Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Dermatome/myotome c2
A
back of head
high neck
2
Q
Dermatome/myotome C6
A
thumb, lateral forarm, low upper arm
both ventral and dorsal surfaces
3
Q
Dermatome/myotome C7
A
middle finger
medial forearm on dorsal and ventral surfaces
4
Q
Dermatome/myotomeC8
A
little and ring fingers
medial hand surface to wrist on dorsal and ventral surfaces
5
Q
Dermatome/myotome T4/T5
A
nipple, and medial breast
6
Q
Dermatome/myotome T10
A
umbilicus navel
7
Q
Dermatome/myotomeL1
A
inguil ligament
ventral hips where legs attach to pelvis
dorsal surface restricted
8
Q
Dermatome/myotome L5
A
Big toe, medial foot up to shin
9
Q
Dermatome/myotome s1
A
small toe plantar surface of foot medial surface of mid gastroc
10
Q
Dermatome/myotome s5
A
i think the booty hole
11
Q
Quadraceps
A
suppleide by L2,3,4
12
Q
Gastrocnemius
A
L5,s1,s2
13
Q
triceps
A
C6,7,8,,
14
Q
Biceps
A
C5,6
15
Q
dorsal column (face)
A
trigeminal ganglion decussates at pons to medial lemniscus fo VPM thalamus to somatosensory cortex
3x neurons
16
Q
Spinothalamic trcact (face)
A
trigeminal ganlion
decussate across meduall to anterolateral system and VPM thalamus to somatosensory cortex
17
Q
Corticospinal tract
A
descending commands from cortex to the alpha motor neurons in spinal cord
motor cortex to internal capsual to cerebral peduncle to pyrameidal tract to pyramidal decussation to LCST to motor neurons
or to VSCT with bilateral innervation becasue of the anterior white commisure
18
Q
Corticobulbar tract
A
links the various brainstem nuclei together for teh voluntary control of brainstem nuclei/spinal nerves and are ipsilateral to target
MC to cerebral peducncel to pyramid
19
Q
dorsal columns
A
carry proprioception and touch (epicretic) sensation up to the brain.
Gracilus only T6 and below, cunneautes added t5 and up
DRG to dorsal column to contralateral medial lemniscus to VPL thalamus to somatosensory cortex
20
Q
Anterolateral system
A
aka spinothalamic tract
carries pain and temperature sensation from the body
uses lisaures tract to bypass single level legions
DRG to lamina 1,2,5 to contralateral decussation via anterior white commisuhre becomes STT to VPL thalamus to somatosensory cortex
21
Q
Dorsal spinocereballar tract
A
DSCT
carries unconcsious proprioeception of leg activation ipsilaterally to the cerebellum
DRG to gracillis fasciculus and clarke nuclei to DSCT to inferior cerebral peduncle to cerebellum
22
Q
cuneocerebellar tract
A
cct
carries unconscious proprioception ipsilaterally from upper body
DRG to cuneate fascicuulu to inferior cerebellar peduncle to cerebellum
23
Q
ventral spinocerebellar tract
A
VSCT
carries efferent readout of motor activation back to the cerebellum to inform what was actually reported
decussates twice but only one neuron
spinal bordal cells to ventral white commissure to VSCT to rostral medulla to decussation of superior cerebellar peduncel to cerebellum
24
Q
Rubrospinal tract and Rubroolivary tract
A
RST
used to facilitate use of upper limb flexors.
red nuceus to ventral tegmental decussation to RST to LCST?
red nucleus to central tegmental tract to inferior olicary nucleus
25
tectospinal tract
TST
snaps head motor toward stimuli, contralateral
superior colliculus to dorsal tegmental decussation to TST to MLF?
26
pontine reticuolspinal tract
PRST
biases extensors to activate, inhibits flexors, opposite effect of MRSt particulary important for posture and gait
pontine reticular formation to prst to bilateral innervation at all levels of the cord
27
medullary reticulospinal tract
MRST
biases flexors and inhibits exstensors to counterbalance PRST important for posture and gait
nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis to MRST with bilateral inervation at medulla level
28
Medial vestibulospinal tract
MVST
controls motor neurons for head and neck positiongn relative to gravity
medial vestibular nucleus to bilateral descent in the medial longitudinal fasciculus
29
lateral vestibulospinal tract
LVST
controls extensor antigracity muscles used in postural adjustments
ipsilateral
inhibitory input from cerebellar purkinje neurons
lateral vestibular nucleus to ?
30
cholinergeic
```
septal nuclei to fornix to hippocampus
nucleus basalis to maynert to neocortex
striatum
neocortex
DTA to thalamus
```
31
dopaminergic
substantia nigra pars compacta to striatum to nigrostriatal pathway
VTA reticular formation to cortical subcortcial limbic nuclie
arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus to infundibular portal release system
32
noradrengic/norepinephrine
locus coerelus to entire cns
33
serotonergic
raphe nuclei to entire CNS
| pineal gland for melatonin
34
pleasure pathway
dopaminergic tract passing from the ventral tegmental area to teh nucleus accumbens used to associate a reward with behavior
35
subsance p
pain molecule
| acts on neurons in lamina I and II of spinal gray
36
long term potentiation
high activatsion of NMDA-Rs result in phosphorylation of AMPARs and thus increase mobilization/conductance at the synapse
37
Long term Depression
low activation of NMDS-Rs resuld in dephosphoyrlation of AMPArs and thus a decreased conductance
38
vertebral vs cord org
no C8 vertebra
C1-7 exit at or above vertebra
T1 and down exit below
39
horseradish peroxidase
does not jumb synapses
40
renshaw cells
feedback on alpha motor neurons that make sure they dont all fire at once
clean and consistent muscle activation by separating motor pool
41
cervical enlargement
C4 to T1 control for arms
42
lumbar enlargement
L2 to S3 for legs
43
conus medullaris
end of spinal cord around L1or2
44
Dural Sac
contains CSF in spinal cord, reaches S2
45
filum terminale
a strand of connective tissue that links the end of the spinal cord with the coccygeal ligament for vertical support
46
denticulate ligaments
anchors of the spinal cord to the dura
| an extension of pia and arachnoid matter
47
anterior spinal artery
single large artery on the anterior/ventral face of teh spinal cord to supply the lateral and ventral funiculi
48
posterior spinal arteries
two small arteries that feed teh dorsal funiculus
49
radicular arteris
alternative arteries from the segmental arteries that supplement blood supply to the cord
not present at the mid thoracic T4-T8 level
a portion of these vessels 6-10 are enlarged and feed directly onto the posterior and anterior spinal arteries
50
great radicular artery of adamkiewics
a radicular artery feeding teh lumbosacral cord
51
meissner;s corpuscule
detects stroking and fluttering sensations in shallow epidermis
52
hair receptors
detects light stroking
| present around hair shafts penetrating through the dermis
53
pacinian corpuscle
detects vibration
deep in dermis
multiple layers for fast adapting
54
merkel disk
detects presure and texture
found in shallow dermis
slow
55
ruffini ending
detects stretching of skin
| slow
56
golgi tendon organ
placed in series with extrafusal muscle
| along axis of stretch
57
stretch receptors
placed in parallel with the axis of stretch in muscle
58
free nerve endings
have protein receptors used to sense extracellular environment and send a signal
thermal and pain sensitive neurons
59
mechanical nociceptors
activated by intense stimulus such as pinch stab penetration of skin
utilize thinly mylinated Adelta fibers
60
thermal nociception
activated by noxious temperuature
| thinly myelinated Adelta
61
polymodal receptors
activated by high intensity mechanical forces, irritating chemicals, or damaging hot r cold
transmitted by unmyelinated C fibers
dull aching pain
62
vanilloid receptor TRPV1
ion channel associated receptor which binds capsaicin acid H+ and noxious heat for burning sensation
63
TRPA1
an ion channel associated receptor which binds wasabi, mustard oil, cold and acrolein
64
P2X (ATP) receptor
ion channel associated receptor which binds ATP released from Lysed cells
65
acid sension ion channel ASIC
an ion channel associated receptor which binds protons
| particuallry useful for tranmitting pain from viscera where acidosis is indicative of a problem
66
denticulate ligaments
pia and arachnoid extenions in the spinal cord to link to dura for vertical support
67
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
control the sympathetic neurons of fight or flight
usually around t1-l2
synapse on to ganglia oustide the spinal cord which then instruct their targets via non myelinated c fibgers
68
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
present at the brainstem and S2-S4
| slightly mylenated B fibers to post ganglionic neurons to visceral organs via non myelinated C fibers
69
Beta motoneurons
a poorly characterized type of fiber believed to innervated both muscle spindles and extrafusal muscle fibers
70
referred pain
pain from viscera is picked up somatically
may feel like its coming from somewhere else
because of convergence on dorsal horn neurons
71
nociceptive pain
pain casued by the action of nociceptors
| biologically important for protection of the body
72
neuropathic pain
aberrant signaling casued by damage to the PNS or CNS causing circuit changes, no biological function
73
paresthesia
aberrant tingling, prickinling, or pins and needsl
74
hydrocephalus
enlargement of vesicles which can compress surrounding tissue causing deficits
caused by occlusion of foramen
75
hematoma
build up of blood between one of the layers of the meninges and brain or within brain (intraparenchymal)
CT for diagnosis
76
numbness
damage/compression of somatosensory cortex or tracts feeding into it
77
babinski sign/plantar reflex
when stroked from heel to toes, the toes curl upwards rather than downwards, usually an infantile relfex inhibited by descending input from cortex
in adults it means a loss of upper motor neurons in teh L5-S1 segments
78
Lower motor neuron signs
destruction of neurons at the location of the spinal cord results in inability to command a muscle
79
hyporeflexia
reflexes are weakened/not present
80
hypotonia
reduced contractions loss of tone
81
fasciculations
spontaneous contractions of a motor unit
82
Fibrillations
spontaneous contrctions of muscle fiber
83
atrophy
decrease in muscle mass from disuse
84
paresis or flaccid paralysis
weakness or inability to move muscle
85
upper motor neuron signs
destruction of neurons above the level of spinal innervation either in descending gray matter tracts or damage to the cortex of origin
86
pareisis/paralysis
inability ot use muscle or weakness
| spasticity
87
hyperreflexia
increased reflexes due to loss of descending inhibition
88
hypertonia
increased nominal muscle tone
89
clonus
alternating extenions around a joint from opposing reflexes
90
clasp knife response
hypertonia followed by a rapid collapse of muscle tone after a certain point caused from the golgi tendon organs
91
babinki response
loss of descending control leads to exposure of infantile relex of toes away from a plantar stimulus specifically associated with LCST
92
horners syndrom
caused by a full hemisection at the high thoracic level T1
causes loss of sympathetic output to the face
constrcited pupil, eylid drooping
ipsilateral
93
decorticate posturing
a type of paralysis given due to damage to the motor tracts above the red nucleus sparing the red nucleas leads to flexion of the upper arms
sparing of the PRST leads to extended legs
94
decerebrate posturing
a type of paralysis seen with damage below the red nucleus
in the absence of the RSt the PRST results in extensor activation
more life threatening than decorticate as it indicates that the lesion is going to damage the homeostatic centers of the medulla
95
heminopia
loss of half of the visula field from each eye
| indicates contralateral occipital love damage
96
anterograde/wallerian degerneration
after axotomy the synapse containing side of the axon, separate from the rest of the axon, degenerates, resulting in loss of innnervation of teh target control
97
retrograde chromatolysis
after axotomy, the soma now detached will try and save the neuron or commit apoptosis
PNS may reinnervate
CNS just abnormal sprouting because of glial scarring and inhibition
98
ataxia
loss of motor coordination from damage to dorsal and or ventral spinocerebellar tracts
99
spastic paralysi
loss of inhibitory modulation from descending tracts like LCST or MRSt
100
rigidity
muscle involuntarily contract indicating a lesion to the extrapyramidal systems
101
pronator drift test
patient closes eyes with arms out and hands up
unilateral weakness in cortex will show one arm slowly drooping and pronating
motor cortex
102
rombergs test
eyes closed feet together
| if fall than proprioceptors or dorsalm column damgage
103
lumbar puncture
CSF from L3/4 in adults or L4/5 in kids
104
spurlings test
used to test for cervical radicualopathy
head is tilted toward teh suspected side
weaknes shows positive
105
straight leg raising test
patient lays on back, leg up until pain, if pain is seen less than 60 degrees then positive
106
sensory exam
A beta fibers on dermatomes
| light touch, vibration, two point discrimination, position all assay different receptors
107
raschisis
failure to close teh spinal cord
108
anencephaly
no brain cause by failure of neuropore closure
109
spina bifida open
meningocele when meninges herniate out
| meningomyelocele - neural tissue herniates out
110
microcephaly
small brain
111
lissenchephaly
smooth brain
112
pachygyria
thich gyri
113
polymicorgyria
thinner gyri
114
cortical heterotopia
parts of teh brain did not migrate properly
115
fetal alcohol syndrome
EtOH blocks NMDA r and upregulates GABA r during development so thre are permanante defects
same with recreational drugs
116
alzheimers disease
plaques and tangels
cholinergic signaling defects
acetylesterase inhibitors to increase choline in synapses
117
parkinsons
loss of domaninergic output from substantia nigra pars compacta so tremors and freezing
L dopa can reduce temporarilty
118
anziety
pathological form when conflicts with behaiviors
| elevated GAGAr activation
119
depression
pathological when impact life
treat by blocking MAO to protect monoamines
or SSRs to increase serotonin in synapse
120
schizophrenia
imbalance in dopaminergic system
| dopamin R drugs reduce positive not negative signs
121
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
mutation of V gated Na channels
| weakness after exercise
122
myotonia
Cl channel mutation
| longer relax time
123
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
unable to reach threshold
124
multiple Sclerosis
```
a disease of the CNS where lose myelin
slow conduction
weakness
autoimmune
T2 abnormal light pathces sow
```
125
Guillain-barre syndrome
inflamation occurs after viral infectino
| macrophages in pns
126
myasthenia gravis
muscle fatige
disease of synapse
antibodies block receptors in NMJ
127
Lambert Eaton syndrom
Ca channel autoimmune in NMJ
128
brown sequards syndrome
hemisecton fo cord
| result in a loss of contorl and propriception on one side and pain and temp from other side
129
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS
upper and lower moter neurons
130
neurosyphilis
dorsal root neurons are compromised
lumbosacral region
sensory loss of lower limbs
131
HIV myelopathy
lateral funiculus
| light regions in T2 MRI
132
acute disseminated encepholmyelites
autoimmune of brain and spinal cord invoked by a virus or vaccine
133
syringomyelia
edematous enlargement of central canal
fibers of anterior white commissure are affected first
progress to lower limbs
134
poliomyelitis
viris that targets low motor neurons
135
arnold chiari malformation
Type I from herniation of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum
136
cauda equina syndrome
compression of lumbosacral roots making up the caua aquina
| all kinds of losses
137
charcot marie tooth disease
hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
demyelinated
foot drop muscle weakness sensory loss
138
conus medullaris syndrom
SCI of lower sacral and coccygeal segments
| numbness of undercarriage
139
duchenne muscular dystrophy
x linked
| progruessuive neuromuscualr destrruction
140
spinal shock
after sci temporary loss of function below injury
141
tetanus
toxin blocks gaba and glycine so no inhibitino so spasms
142
vitamin B12 deficiency
loss of mylination in dorsal and lateral funiculi
143
werdnig hoffman disease
autosomal muscular atrophy
144
peripheral neuropathy
lesion outside spinal cord impacts spinal roots nerves or peripheral nerves
145
myelopathy
lesion inside spinal cord interrupts local and descending circuits
sensory deficits below cord
146
compressive radiculopathy
```
pathological
disk herniation
dorsal column lose sensory
parethesia in dermatome
ventralm mean motor losses
lumbar levels are vulnerable
```
