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Med Neuro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dermatome/myotome c2

A

back of head

high neck

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2
Q

Dermatome/myotome C6

A

thumb, lateral forarm, low upper arm

both ventral and dorsal surfaces

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3
Q

Dermatome/myotome C7

A

middle finger

medial forearm on dorsal and ventral surfaces

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4
Q

Dermatome/myotomeC8

A

little and ring fingers

medial hand surface to wrist on dorsal and ventral surfaces

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5
Q

Dermatome/myotome T4/T5

A

nipple, and medial breast

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6
Q

Dermatome/myotome T10

A

umbilicus navel

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7
Q

Dermatome/myotomeL1

A

inguil ligament
ventral hips where legs attach to pelvis
dorsal surface restricted

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8
Q

Dermatome/myotome L5

A

Big toe, medial foot up to shin

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9
Q

Dermatome/myotome s1

A

small toe plantar surface of foot medial surface of mid gastroc

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10
Q

Dermatome/myotome s5

A

i think the booty hole

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11
Q

Quadraceps

A

suppleide by L2,3,4

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12
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

L5,s1,s2

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13
Q

triceps

A

C6,7,8,,

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14
Q

Biceps

A

C5,6

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15
Q

dorsal column (face)

A

trigeminal ganglion decussates at pons to medial lemniscus fo VPM thalamus to somatosensory cortex
3x neurons

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16
Q

Spinothalamic trcact (face)

A

trigeminal ganlion

decussate across meduall to anterolateral system and VPM thalamus to somatosensory cortex

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17
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

descending commands from cortex to the alpha motor neurons in spinal cord
motor cortex to internal capsual to cerebral peduncle to pyrameidal tract to pyramidal decussation to LCST to motor neurons
or to VSCT with bilateral innervation becasue of the anterior white commisure

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18
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

links the various brainstem nuclei together for teh voluntary control of brainstem nuclei/spinal nerves and are ipsilateral to target
MC to cerebral peducncel to pyramid

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19
Q

dorsal columns

A

carry proprioception and touch (epicretic) sensation up to the brain.
Gracilus only T6 and below, cunneautes added t5 and up
DRG to dorsal column to contralateral medial lemniscus to VPL thalamus to somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

Anterolateral system

A

aka spinothalamic tract
carries pain and temperature sensation from the body
uses lisaures tract to bypass single level legions
DRG to lamina 1,2,5 to contralateral decussation via anterior white commisuhre becomes STT to VPL thalamus to somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

Dorsal spinocereballar tract

A

DSCT
carries unconcsious proprioeception of leg activation ipsilaterally to the cerebellum
DRG to gracillis fasciculus and clarke nuclei to DSCT to inferior cerebral peduncle to cerebellum

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22
Q

cuneocerebellar tract

A

cct
carries unconscious proprioception ipsilaterally from upper body
DRG to cuneate fascicuulu to inferior cerebellar peduncle to cerebellum

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23
Q

ventral spinocerebellar tract

A

VSCT
carries efferent readout of motor activation back to the cerebellum to inform what was actually reported
decussates twice but only one neuron
spinal bordal cells to ventral white commissure to VSCT to rostral medulla to decussation of superior cerebellar peduncel to cerebellum

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24
Q

Rubrospinal tract and Rubroolivary tract

A

RST
used to facilitate use of upper limb flexors.
red nuceus to ventral tegmental decussation to RST to LCST?
red nucleus to central tegmental tract to inferior olicary nucleus

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25
Q

tectospinal tract

A

TST
snaps head motor toward stimuli, contralateral
superior colliculus to dorsal tegmental decussation to TST to MLF?

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26
Q

pontine reticuolspinal tract

A

PRST
biases extensors to activate, inhibits flexors, opposite effect of MRSt particulary important for posture and gait
pontine reticular formation to prst to bilateral innervation at all levels of the cord

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27
Q

medullary reticulospinal tract

A

MRST
biases flexors and inhibits exstensors to counterbalance PRST important for posture and gait
nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis to MRST with bilateral inervation at medulla level

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28
Q

Medial vestibulospinal tract

A

MVST
controls motor neurons for head and neck positiongn relative to gravity
medial vestibular nucleus to bilateral descent in the medial longitudinal fasciculus

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29
Q

lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

LVST
controls extensor antigracity muscles used in postural adjustments
ipsilateral
inhibitory input from cerebellar purkinje neurons
lateral vestibular nucleus to ?

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30
Q

cholinergeic

A 
septal nuclei to fornix to hippocampus
nucleus basalis to maynert to neocortex 
striatum 
neocortex
DTA to thalamus
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31
Q

dopaminergic

A

substantia nigra pars compacta to striatum to nigrostriatal pathway
VTA reticular formation to cortical subcortcial limbic nuclie
arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus to infundibular portal release system

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32
Q

noradrengic/norepinephrine

A

locus coerelus to entire cns

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33
Q

serotonergic

A

raphe nuclei to entire CNS

pineal gland for melatonin

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34
Q

pleasure pathway

A

dopaminergic tract passing from the ventral tegmental area to teh nucleus accumbens used to associate a reward with behavior

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35
Q

subsance p

A

pain molecule

acts on neurons in lamina I and II of spinal gray

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36
Q

long term potentiation

A

high activatsion of NMDA-Rs result in phosphorylation of AMPARs and thus increase mobilization/conductance at the synapse

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37
Q

Long term Depression

A

low activation of NMDS-Rs resuld in dephosphoyrlation of AMPArs and thus a decreased conductance

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38
Q

vertebral vs cord org

A

no C8 vertebra
C1-7 exit at or above vertebra
T1 and down exit below

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39
Q

horseradish peroxidase

A

does not jumb synapses

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40
Q

renshaw cells

A

feedback on alpha motor neurons that make sure they dont all fire at once
clean and consistent muscle activation by separating motor pool

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41
Q

cervical enlargement

A

C4 to T1 control for arms

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42
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

L2 to S3 for legs

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43
Q

conus medullaris

A

end of spinal cord around L1or2

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44
Q

Dural Sac

A

contains CSF in spinal cord, reaches S2

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45
Q

filum terminale

A

a strand of connective tissue that links the end of the spinal cord with the coccygeal ligament for vertical support

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46
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

anchors of the spinal cord to the dura

an extension of pia and arachnoid matter

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47
Q

anterior spinal artery

A

single large artery on the anterior/ventral face of teh spinal cord to supply the lateral and ventral funiculi

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48
Q

posterior spinal arteries

A

two small arteries that feed teh dorsal funiculus

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49
Q

radicular arteris

A

alternative arteries from the segmental arteries that supplement blood supply to the cord
not present at the mid thoracic T4-T8 level
a portion of these vessels 6-10 are enlarged and feed directly onto the posterior and anterior spinal arteries

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50
Q

great radicular artery of adamkiewics

A

a radicular artery feeding teh lumbosacral cord

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51
Q

meissner;s corpuscule

A

detects stroking and fluttering sensations in shallow epidermis

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52
Q

hair receptors

A

detects light stroking

present around hair shafts penetrating through the dermis

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53
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

detects vibration
deep in dermis
multiple layers for fast adapting

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54
Q

merkel disk

A

detects presure and texture
found in shallow dermis
slow

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55
Q

ruffini ending

A

detects stretching of skin

slow

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56
Q

golgi tendon organ

A

placed in series with extrafusal muscle

along axis of stretch

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57
Q

stretch receptors

A

placed in parallel with the axis of stretch in muscle

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58
Q

free nerve endings

A

have protein receptors used to sense extracellular environment and send a signal
thermal and pain sensitive neurons

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59
Q

mechanical nociceptors

A

activated by intense stimulus such as pinch stab penetration of skin
utilize thinly mylinated Adelta fibers

60
Q

thermal nociception

A

activated by noxious temperuature

thinly myelinated Adelta

61
Q

polymodal receptors

A

activated by high intensity mechanical forces, irritating chemicals, or damaging hot r cold
transmitted by unmyelinated C fibers
dull aching pain

62
Q

vanilloid receptor TRPV1

A

ion channel associated receptor which binds capsaicin acid H+ and noxious heat for burning sensation

63
Q

TRPA1

A

an ion channel associated receptor which binds wasabi, mustard oil, cold and acrolein

64
Q

P2X (ATP) receptor

A

ion channel associated receptor which binds ATP released from Lysed cells

65
Q

acid sension ion channel ASIC

A

an ion channel associated receptor which binds protons

particuallry useful for tranmitting pain from viscera where acidosis is indicative of a problem

66
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

pia and arachnoid extenions in the spinal cord to link to dura for vertical support

67
Q

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

A

control the sympathetic neurons of fight or flight
usually around t1-l2
synapse on to ganglia oustide the spinal cord which then instruct their targets via non myelinated c fibgers

68
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A

present at the brainstem and S2-S4

slightly mylenated B fibers to post ganglionic neurons to visceral organs via non myelinated C fibers

69
Q

Beta motoneurons

A

a poorly characterized type of fiber believed to innervated both muscle spindles and extrafusal muscle fibers

70
Q

referred pain

A

pain from viscera is picked up somatically
may feel like its coming from somewhere else
because of convergence on dorsal horn neurons

71
Q

nociceptive pain

A

pain casued by the action of nociceptors

biologically important for protection of the body

72
Q

neuropathic pain

A

aberrant signaling casued by damage to the PNS or CNS causing circuit changes, no biological function

73
Q

paresthesia

A

aberrant tingling, prickinling, or pins and needsl

74
Q

hydrocephalus

A

enlargement of vesicles which can compress surrounding tissue causing deficits
caused by occlusion of foramen

75
Q

hematoma

A

build up of blood between one of the layers of the meninges and brain or within brain (intraparenchymal)
CT for diagnosis

76
Q

numbness

A

damage/compression of somatosensory cortex or tracts feeding into it

77
Q

babinski sign/plantar reflex

A

when stroked from heel to toes, the toes curl upwards rather than downwards, usually an infantile relfex inhibited by descending input from cortex
in adults it means a loss of upper motor neurons in teh L5-S1 segments

78
Q

Lower motor neuron signs

A

destruction of neurons at the location of the spinal cord results in inability to command a muscle

79
Q

hyporeflexia

A

reflexes are weakened/not present

80
Q

hypotonia

A

reduced contractions loss of tone

81
Q

fasciculations

A

spontaneous contractions of a motor unit

82
Q

Fibrillations

A

spontaneous contrctions of muscle fiber

83
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in muscle mass from disuse

84
Q

paresis or flaccid paralysis

A

weakness or inability to move muscle

85
Q

upper motor neuron signs

A

destruction of neurons above the level of spinal innervation either in descending gray matter tracts or damage to the cortex of origin

86
Q

pareisis/paralysis

A

inability ot use muscle or weakness

spasticity

87
Q

hyperreflexia

A

increased reflexes due to loss of descending inhibition

88
Q

hypertonia

A

increased nominal muscle tone

89
Q

clonus

A

alternating extenions around a joint from opposing reflexes

90
Q

clasp knife response

A

hypertonia followed by a rapid collapse of muscle tone after a certain point caused from the golgi tendon organs

91
Q

babinki response

A

loss of descending control leads to exposure of infantile relex of toes away from a plantar stimulus specifically associated with LCST

92
Q

horners syndrom

A

caused by a full hemisection at the high thoracic level T1
causes loss of sympathetic output to the face
constrcited pupil, eylid drooping
ipsilateral

93
Q

decorticate posturing

A

a type of paralysis given due to damage to the motor tracts above the red nucleus sparing the red nucleas leads to flexion of the upper arms
sparing of the PRST leads to extended legs

94
Q

decerebrate posturing

A

a type of paralysis seen with damage below the red nucleus
in the absence of the RSt the PRST results in extensor activation
more life threatening than decorticate as it indicates that the lesion is going to damage the homeostatic centers of the medulla

95
Q

heminopia

A

loss of half of the visula field from each eye

indicates contralateral occipital love damage

96
Q

anterograde/wallerian degerneration

A

after axotomy the synapse containing side of the axon, separate from the rest of the axon, degenerates, resulting in loss of innnervation of teh target control

97
Q

retrograde chromatolysis

A

after axotomy, the soma now detached will try and save the neuron or commit apoptosis
PNS may reinnervate
CNS just abnormal sprouting because of glial scarring and inhibition

98
Q

ataxia

A

loss of motor coordination from damage to dorsal and or ventral spinocerebellar tracts

99
Q

spastic paralysi

A

loss of inhibitory modulation from descending tracts like LCST or MRSt

100
Q

rigidity

A

muscle involuntarily contract indicating a lesion to the extrapyramidal systems

101
Q

pronator drift test

A

patient closes eyes with arms out and hands up
unilateral weakness in cortex will show one arm slowly drooping and pronating
motor cortex

102
Q

rombergs test

A

eyes closed feet together

if fall than proprioceptors or dorsalm column damgage

103
Q

lumbar puncture

A

CSF from L3/4 in adults or L4/5 in kids

104
Q

spurlings test

A

used to test for cervical radicualopathy
head is tilted toward teh suspected side
weaknes shows positive

105
Q

straight leg raising test

A

patient lays on back, leg up until pain, if pain is seen less than 60 degrees then positive

106
Q

sensory exam

A

A beta fibers on dermatomes

light touch, vibration, two point discrimination, position all assay different receptors

107
Q

raschisis

A

failure to close teh spinal cord

108
Q

anencephaly

A

no brain cause by failure of neuropore closure

109
Q

spina bifida open

A

meningocele when meninges herniate out

meningomyelocele - neural tissue herniates out

110
Q

microcephaly

A

small brain

111
Q

lissenchephaly

A

smooth brain

112
Q

pachygyria

A

thich gyri

113
Q

polymicorgyria

A

thinner gyri

114
Q

cortical heterotopia

A

parts of teh brain did not migrate properly

115
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

EtOH blocks NMDA r and upregulates GABA r during development so thre are permanante defects
same with recreational drugs

116
Q

alzheimers disease

A

plaques and tangels
cholinergic signaling defects
acetylesterase inhibitors to increase choline in synapses

117
Q

parkinsons

A

loss of domaninergic output from substantia nigra pars compacta so tremors and freezing
L dopa can reduce temporarilty

118
Q

anziety

A

pathological form when conflicts with behaiviors

elevated GAGAr activation

119
Q

depression

A

pathological when impact life
treat by blocking MAO to protect monoamines
or SSRs to increase serotonin in synapse

120
Q

schizophrenia

A

imbalance in dopaminergic system

dopamin R drugs reduce positive not negative signs

121
Q

hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

A

mutation of V gated Na channels

weakness after exercise

122
Q

myotonia

A

Cl channel mutation

longer relax time

123
Q

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis

A

unable to reach threshold

124
Q

multiple Sclerosis

A 
a disease of the CNS where lose myelin
slow conduction
weakness
autoimmune
T2 abnormal light pathces sow
125
Q

Guillain-barre syndrome

A

inflamation occurs after viral infectino

macrophages in pns

126
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

muscle fatige
disease of synapse
antibodies block receptors in NMJ

127
Q

Lambert Eaton syndrom

A

Ca channel autoimmune in NMJ

128
Q

brown sequards syndrome

A

hemisecton fo cord

result in a loss of contorl and propriception on one side and pain and temp from other side

129
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS

A

upper and lower moter neurons

130
Q

neurosyphilis

A

dorsal root neurons are compromised
lumbosacral region
sensory loss of lower limbs

131
Q

HIV myelopathy

A

lateral funiculus

light regions in T2 MRI

132
Q

acute disseminated encepholmyelites

A

autoimmune of brain and spinal cord invoked by a virus or vaccine

133
Q

syringomyelia

A

edematous enlargement of central canal
fibers of anterior white commissure are affected first
progress to lower limbs

134
Q

poliomyelitis

A

viris that targets low motor neurons

135
Q

arnold chiari malformation

A

Type I from herniation of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

136
Q

cauda equina syndrome

A

compression of lumbosacral roots making up the caua aquina

all kinds of losses

137
Q

charcot marie tooth disease

A

hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
demyelinated
foot drop muscle weakness sensory loss

138
Q

conus medullaris syndrom

A

SCI of lower sacral and coccygeal segments

numbness of undercarriage

139
Q

duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

x linked

progruessuive neuromuscualr destrruction

140
Q

spinal shock

A

after sci temporary loss of function below injury

141
Q

tetanus

A

toxin blocks gaba and glycine so no inhibitino so spasms

142
Q

vitamin B12 deficiency

A

loss of mylination in dorsal and lateral funiculi

143
Q

werdnig hoffman disease

A

autosomal muscular atrophy

144
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

lesion outside spinal cord impacts spinal roots nerves or peripheral nerves

145
Q

myelopathy

A

lesion inside spinal cord interrupts local and descending circuits
sensory deficits below cord

146
Q

compressive radiculopathy

A 
pathological 
disk herniation
dorsal column lose sensory
parethesia in dermatome
ventralm mean motor losses
lumbar levels are vulnerable

Med Neuro (12 decks)

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