E2 vision

Question 1

visible specturm

Answer 1

380 to 760 nm

Question 2

wavelenghts to energy

Answer 2

inversely porportional
too short too much ennergy
too long too little

Question 3

chromattic aberation

Answer 3

diff coolor diff wavelength diff focusing

blue short refracted more than red

Question 4

5 layers of cornea

Answer 4

corneal epithelium
bowmans membrane
corenal stroma
descemets membrane
corenal endothelium

Question 5

afferent limb of corneal reflex

Answer 5

corneal epithelium innervated by trigeminal nerve

goes to spinal nucleus of V

Question 6

efferent limb of corneal reflex

Answer 6

motor fibers of facial motor nuclei
response is bilateral because spinal nucleus of V has collateral to both facial motor nuclei in brainstem reticular formation

Question 7

pupillary constriction

Answer 7

preganglionic parasympathetic in edinger westphal nucleus
postganglioni in ciliary ganglion to sphincter mucle of pupil
constriction improves sharpness and decreases light entering eye

Question 8

pupilary dilation

Answer 8

preganglionic sympathetic neurons in intermediolateral cell column T1 to T2
postganglionic in superior cervical ganglion to dilator muscle

Question 9

ciliary body

Answer 9

secretes aquious humor to posterior chamber of the eye
outer layer for melanin
inner layer for aqueous humor

Question 10

aqueous humor

Answer 10

anterior and posterior chambers of the eye nutrients for cornea and lens
from ciliary body
reuptake in canal of schlemm
intraocular pressure depeneds on this

Question 11

gaucoma

Answer 11

intraocular pressure

blood flow to retina restricted

Question 12

accomodation

Answer 12

ciliary muscle changes lens shape
for far: muscle at rest so ligaments are stretched to flatten it
for near: muscle contracts, ligaments relax, lens buldges to increase refraction

Question 13

neural circuit for lens accommodation

Answer 13

preg parasym in edinger westphal

post in ciliary gang to ciliary msucle to control suspensory ligament tension

Question 14

presbyopia

Answer 14

lens loses elasticity with age

near point recedes

Question 15

cataract

Answer 15

clouding of lens from denatured proteins

Question 16

emmetropic eye

Answer 16

normal

Question 17

hyperopic eye

Answer 17

farsightedness
eye is short/refractive power is weak
image focuesses behind retina
biconvex lens fixes to bend more light

Question 18

myopic eye

Answer 18

nearsightedness
eye is too long or refractive power is too strong
focus is in front of retina
biconcave lens diverges more light

Question 19

astigmatism

Answer 19

irregular curves in cornea or lens

Question 20

retina layers

Answer 20

inner limiting membrane
layer of optic nerve fibers
ganglion cell layer
inner plexiform layer for bipolar cells and ganglinon cells and amacrine cells
inner nuclear layer all nuclei for bipolar, amacrine, horizontal and muellar cells
outer pleix form for synapses of photoreceptors with bipolar and horizontal cells
outer nuclear cell bodies of photoreceptors
outer limiting membrane is just junctinos
layer of rods and cones

Question 21

inner vs outer rods and cones

Answer 21

inner makes em

outter transduces

Question 22

fovea

Answer 22

most photoreceptors
only cones so most color
bipolar and ganglion pushed out of way to get most light

Question 23

optic disc/papilla

Answer 23

no phot receptors
blind spot
swelling of disk from pressure from where optic nerves are leaving
discontinuity of retina