E3 Cortex

Question 1

prefrontal cortex

Answer 1

BA 9,10,11,12,46,47
executive funciton
working memory
dorsolateral pfc
ventromedial pfc

Question 2

dorsolateral pfc

Answer 2

planning and working memory

lesion - apathetic, lifeliss, abulic

Question 3

ventromedial pfc

Answer 3

decision making associated with reward and punishment suppressiong of innappriate responses and emotional reactions
lesion - impulsive

Question 4

phineas gage

Answer 4

spike
pfc
ass hole now

Question 5

lobotomy

Answer 5

scramble pfc

kills drive

Question 6

schizophrenia dopamine hypothesis

Answer 6

positive sympotms like ahhucinations
negative like lack of emocion
similar to to pfc damage
blocking dopmaine can help
overactive mesolimbic gives positive
hypoactive mesocortical gives negative

Question 7

schizophrenia glutamate hypothesis

Answer 7

blocking NMDA glutamate receptors can cauz schizo symptoms

suggests gluatame and dopamine have a role

Question 8

Broca area

Answer 8

44,45
dominant side for written and spoken language
lesion for brocas aphasia affects verbal and written
non dom for prosody (emotion) of language
lesion for motor aprosodia (emotionless speach)

Question 9

frontal eye field

Answer 9

area 8
control of vouluntary saccades to contrallateral side
goes either directly to PPRF or superior colliculus first then to that abducens to occulomotor circuit to turn contra

Question 10

premotor cortex

Answer 10

preparation and initiation of volunatry movement
rostral to pre central sulcus
activated during planning
has mirror neurons
lesion for reflex imbalance, contra spasticity and slowed complex limb movements

Question 11

supplementary motor cortex

Answer 11

planning of complex sequences of voluntary movement and bilateral coordination
active in complex movements real or imagined
internally guided like from memory not visual cues
lesion for motor apraxia and deficits in bimanual coordination

Question 12

primary motor cortex

Answer 12

area 4
pyramidal neurons
corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
jacksonian seizures 
encoding for force, velocity, and direction
brain machin interfaces 
lesion for contralateral weakness and spastcity UMN signs
face stuff more laterally

Question 13

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 13

propriception, pain,temp, fine touch
granular
dorsal column and anterolateral system
homunculus with lateral face
regional signaling and functional columns
lesion for hemianestesia, astereognosia and agraphesthesia

Question 14

3a

Answer 14

propriceptors

Question 15

3b

Answer 15

cutaneous mechanoreceptors

Question 16

1

Answer 16

cutaneous mechanoreceptors with larger fields

Question 17

2

Answer 17

cutaneous mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors

Question 18

superior parietal lobule

Answer 18

integrates somatosensation with vision to locate objects in space and make a map
helps with targetted movements
lesion for deficeit in spatial processing

Question 19

inferior parietal lobule

Answer 19

39,40
language, math, space, body image
lesion for ideomotor, ideational, and constructional apraxia
also gertsmann and balint syndroms

Question 20

gertsmann syndrome

Answer 20

LR confusion
finger agnosia
agraphia
acalculia
lesion on dominant side of 39,40

Question 21

Balints syndrome

Answer 21

bilateral 39,40

optic ataxia

Question 22

posterior parietal association cortex

Answer 22

5,7,39,40
non dom is more important for attentiaonal processing for both ispi and contra side
dominant attends only contra side
so a lesion on dominant side has mild spatial deficits but could have gertsmann
non dom gets contralateral or hemineglect

Question 23

Wernickes area

Answer 23

22,39,40
dominant for comprehension of language
non dom for prosody of language
lesion dom for wernickes aphasia (ppor comprehension)
non dom for sensory aprosodia

Question 24

global aphasia

Answer 24

lesion in both W and B areas

impaired fluency, comprehension and repetitsion

Question 25

transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 25

W and B intact but area around B is lesioned imparied fluency normal comp and repetition

Question 26

transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 26

``` W and B intact areas areound W lesioned fluent but paraphasia (meaningless sentences) impared com spared repe ```

Question 27

mixed transcortical aphasia

Answer 27

W and B intact but regions areound both lesioned impared fluency and comprehension spared repetition

Question 28

conduction aphasia

Answer 28

lesion of arcuate fasciculus and supramarginal gyrus between W and B normal fluency and comp impaired repetion

Question 29

kluver bucy syndrome

Answer 29

hippocampus and temporoal association - memory disorders, amygdala- placidity, hypothalamus - hypersexuality, hyperorality, bulimia, distractibility what pathway in inferior temporal cortex - visual agnosia

Question 30

primary auditory cortex

Answer 30

41,42 granular superior temporal gyrus transvers gyrus of heschl input from medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus tonotopic map with figh frequencies caudal similar frequencies in vertical columns secondary auditory cortex for complex soudns lesion bilaterally for cortical deafness or auditory agnosia

Question 31

inferior temporal cortex

Answer 31

20,37 ventral stream for faces objects and color recognitons what pathway for visual stimuli with population coding like grandma cells lesion for visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, and achromatopsia

Question 32

hippocampus

Answer 32

consolidates declarative and spatial memory lesion for anterograde amnesia and deficits in spatial memory korsakoff with thiamine deficiency

Question 33

korsakoff syndrom

Answer 33

anterograde amnesia and confabulation

Question 34

amygdala

Answer 34

attatches emotiaonal significance forms and stores implicit memory freeze, fight or flight lesion for emotional deficits

Question 35

primiary visual cortex

Answer 35

``` 17 granular (striate cortex) in calcarine sulcus inputs form lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus ocular dominant and direction selective vertical columns simple complex and hypercomplex cells binocular disparity blob processiong color info lesions unilateral for contra homonymous hemianopiea uni inferior for contra homo sup quad uni superior for contra homo inf quad likely have macula sparing after lesion ```

Question 36

secondary vsiual association areas

Answer 36

parastriate 18 peristriate 19 reciprocal connections with 17 direction selectivity, binocular disparit and color sensitivity, motion and object recognition 19 starts dorsally the where and ventrally the what lesion for visual agnosia

Question 37

occipitoparietal

Answer 37

where motion and postion lesion for motion blindness or cerebral akinetopsia

Question 38

occipitotemporal

Answer 38

what shapes colors faces lesion for achromatopsia prosopagnosia

Question 39

alexia without agraphia

Answer 39

so left visual cortex gone so cant see right field | splenium of corpus collosum gone so cant get info from left field to Wernickes area so can write but cannnot read