E3 hypothalamus

Question 1

major nuclei of posterior region

Answer 1

posterior
tuberomammillary
mammilary body
lateral hypothalamus

Question 2

major nuclei of tuberal region

Answer 2

dorsomedial
ventromedial
arcuate
lateral

Question 3

anterior supraotic region major nuclei of

Answer 3

paraventricular 
anterior
supraoptic
suprachiasmatic
lateral

Question 4

major nuclei of atnerior preopitc region

Answer 4

medial preoptic

lateral preoptic

Question 5

anterior region blood supply

Answer 5

anterior cerebral artery ACA

anterior communicationg artery

Question 6

tuberal region blood supply

Answer 6

posterior communicating artery

Question 7

posterior region blood supply

Answer 7

posterior communicating
posterior cerebral arterty PCA
Basilar artery BA

Question 8

lateral hypothalamus region blood supply

Answer 8

middle cerebal

anterior choroidal

Question 9

Posterior nucleus

Answer 9

in posterior region
controls sympathetic system
descending hypothalamic fibers from here to T1-L2
fight or flight when stimulated
lesion gets horners syndrome
also controls thermoregulation via thermogeneises to conserve heat (vasoconstriction/shivering)
lesion gets poikilothermia

Question 10

tuberomamillary nucleus

Answer 10

in posterior region
controls wakefulness
histaminergic
lesiong gets hypersomnia

Question 11

mammilary body

Answer 11

in posterior region
consolidation of memory
papezs circuit for memory consolidation so limbic system
lesion or thiamine deficiency gets korsakoffs syndrome

Question 12

korsakoffs syndrome

Answer 12

lesioned mammillary body
anterograde amnesia
confabulation

Question 13

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 13

in posterior region

feeding and regulation of sleep/wake

Question 14

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 14

in tuberal region
feeding center 
stimulates hunger and feeding
lesion for anorexia
regulation of sleep/wake
makes orexin
defeicneciy makes narcolepsy 
more orexine stimulates appetite and wakefulness

Question 15

ventromedial nucleus

Answer 15

in tuberal region
satiety center
promotes cessation of eating
lesion for hyperphagia
leptin sensitive neurons

Question 16

dorsomedial nucleus

Answer 16

in tuberal region

control of feeding and body weight regulation

Question 17

arcuate nucleus

Answer 17

in tuberal region
secretes hypophyesial hormones 
TIDA
GHRH
controls feeding by being sensitive to leptin, ghrelin, and orexin

Question 18

TIDA

Answer 18

tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons that send DA through median eminance to inhibit prolactin form pituitary

Question 19

GHRH

Answer 19

growht hormone releasing hormone

to median eminance to stimulate secreation of GF from anterior pituitary

Question 20

leptin

Answer 20

from adipocytes
during nutrient abundance secretion increased to decrease appetite
during nutriet insufficiency leptin is decreased to increase appetite

Question 21

ghrelin

Answer 21

from stomach
stimulates food intake
high levels when dieting

Question 22

anterior nucleus

Answer 22

in anterior supraoptic region
controls parasympathetic system
descending hypothalamic fibers to CN II, VII, IX, X and S2-4
rest and digest
lesion and deficit to parasym
control thermoregulation via dissipation of heat
lesion for hyper thermia

Question 23

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 23

in anterior supraoptic region
controls circadian rhythms
pacemaker and 25 hour biological clock
light via retinohypothalmic tract adjusts to 24 hour clock
modulates pineal gland function (inhibits daytime melatonin)
lesion disterbs cyclic variations of bodily functions

Question 24

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Answer 24

in anterior supraoptic region
magno cellular release oxytocin of vasopressin in pituitary
vasopressin secreting neurons promote water retention
oxytocin secreting neurons promote milk let down and contraction of uterine muscles
lesion gets diabetes insipidus

Question 25

paraventreular nucleus

Answer 25

in anterior supraoptic region
parvocellular
corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons - enhance ACTH secretion, part of HPA axis
thyrotropin releasing hormone - enhance thyroid stimulating hormone secretion from anterior pituitary
somatostatin releasing neurons inhibit growth hormone release
lesion for endocrine deficts

Question 26

lateral preoptic nucleus

Answer 26

in anterior preoptic region
inhibits wakefullness and promotes non rem sleep
GABAergic neurons in ventrolateral preoptic inhibit wake promotion to promote non rem sleep
so lesion make hyposomnia

Question 27

medial preoptic nucleus

Answer 27

in anterior preoptic region
thermoregulation set point
set point temperature sensitive neurons to regulate body temp by activating heat conservation/dissipation hypothalamic centers
cytokines from fever make set point higher
NSAIDs stop an upstream precursor (prostaglandins)
lesion for hyper thermia
regulates release of gonadotrophic hormones and sexual behavior
gonadotropin releasing neurons
large in males, small in females (sexually dimorphic)
lesion of menorrhea and impotence